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- Ontological_argument abstract "An ontological argument is a philosophical argument for the existence of God that uses ontology. Many arguments fall under the category of the ontological, and they tend to involve arguments about the state of being or existing. More specifically, ontological arguments tend to start with an a priori theory about the organization of the universe. If that organizational structure is true, the argument will provide reasons why God must exist.The first ontological argument in the Western Christian tradition was proposed by Anselm of Canterbury in his 1078 work Proslogion. Anselm defined God as \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\", and argued that this being must exist in the mind; even in the mind of the person who denies the existence of God. He suggested that, if the greatest possible being exists in the mind, it must also exist in reality. If it only exists in the mind, then an even greater being must be possible — one which exists both in the mind and in reality. Therefore, this greatest possible being must exist in reality. Seventeenth century French philosopher René Descartes deployed a similar argument. Descartes published several variations of his argument, each of which centred on the idea that God's existence is immediately inferable from a \"clear and distinct\" idea of a supremely perfect being. In the early eighteenth century, Gottfried Leibniz augmented Descartes' ideas in an attempt to prove that a \"supremely perfect\" being is a coherent concept. A more recent ontological argument came from Kurt Gödel, who proposed a formal argument for God's existence. Norman Malcolm revived the ontological argument in 1960 when he located a second, stronger ontological argument in Anselm's work; Alvin Plantinga challenged this argument and proposed an alternative, based on modal logic. Attempts have also been made to validate Anselm's proof using an automated theorem prover. Other arguments have been categorised as ontological, including those made by Islamic philosopher Mulla Sadra.Since its proposal, few philosophical ideas have generated as much interest and discussion as the ontological argument. Nearly all of the great minds of Western philosophy have found the argument worthy of their attention and criticism. The general consensus is that the argument is erroneous. However, consensus as to the exact nature of the argument's error or errors has long proved elusive to the philosophical community. The first critic of the ontological argument was Anselm's contemporary, Gaunilo of Marmoutiers. He used the analogy of a perfect island, suggesting that the ontological argument could be used to prove the existence of anything. This was the first of many parodies, all of which attempted to show that the argument has absurd consequences. Later, Thomas Aquinas rejected the argument on the basis that humans cannot know God's nature. Also, David Hume offered an empirical objection, criticising its lack of evidential reasoning and rejecting the idea that anything can exist necessarily. Immanuel Kant's critique was based on what he saw as the false premise that existence is a predicate. He argued that \"existing\" adds nothing (including perfection) to the essence of a being, and thus a \"supremely perfect\" being can be conceived not to exist. Finally, philosophers including C. D. Broad dismissed the coherence of a maximally great being, proposing that some attributes of greatness are incompatible with others, rendering \"maximally great being\" incoherent.".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink ontological.pdf.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink anselm-critics.html.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink anselm-gaunilo.html.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink 154-4-MN.pdf.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink ont.html.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink ontological-proof.htm.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageExternalLink anselms.htm.
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- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink A_priori_and_a_posteriori.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Adi_Shankara.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Alvin_Plantinga.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Analytic_philosophy.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Analytic–synthetic_distinction.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Anselm_of_Canterbury.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Automated_theorem_proving.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Avicenna.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Axiom_S5.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Begging_the_question.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Bertrand_Russell.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Boyle_Lectures.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink C._D._Broad.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Category:Arguments_for_the_existence_of_God.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Hartshorne.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Christian_philosophy.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Classical_theism.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Corollary.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Cosmological_argument.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Critique_of_Pure_Reason.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Daniel_Dombrowski.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink David_Hume.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Douglas_Gasking.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Edward_N._Zalta.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Existence_of_God.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Existence_precedes_essence.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Geometry.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Graham_Oppy.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Hegelianism.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Immanuel_Kant.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Iranian_philosophy.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Islamic_philosophy.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Kurt_Gödel.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Logic.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Logical_form.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Logical_truth.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Meditations_on_First_Philosophy.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Michael_Martin_(philosopher).
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Modal_logic.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Modal_operator.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Monism.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Mulla_Sadra.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Neoplatonism.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Norman_Malcolm.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Omnipotence.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Omniscience.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Ontology.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Plato.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Privation.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Proslogion.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Prover9.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Quinque_viae.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Reductio_ad_absurdum.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink René_Descartes.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Samuel_Clarke.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Seddiqin_Argument.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Shia_Islam.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Soundness.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Summa_Theologica.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Theism.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Thomas_Aquinas.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Timothy_Chambers.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Truth.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Validity.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink Wikt:predicate.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink William_L._Rowe.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink William_Lane_Craig.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink File:AlvinPlantinga.JPG.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink File:Anselm-CanterburyVit.jpg.
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- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink File:Frans_Hals_-_Portret_van_René_Descartes.jpg.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLink File:Kant_foto.jpg.
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "'modal' formulations".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "God's existence".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Modal ontological argument".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ontological Proof".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ontological argument".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ontological argument#Anselm".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ontological argument#Anselm.27s_argument".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ontological".
- Ontological_argument wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ontological_argument#Anselm.27s_argument".