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- Nuclear_export_signal abstract "A nuclear export signal (NES) is a short amino acid sequence of 4 hydrophobic residues in a protein that targets it for export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport. It has the opposite effect of a nuclear localization signal, which targets a protein located in the cytoplasm for import to the nucleus. The NES is recognized and bound by exportins. In silico analysis of known NESs found the most common spacing of the hydrophobic residues to be LxxxLxxLxL, where \"L\" is a hydrophobic residue (often leucine) and \"x\" is any other amino acid; the spacing of these hydrophobic residues may be explained by examination of known structures that contain an NES, as the critical residues usually lie in the same face of adjacent secondary structures within a protein, which allows them to interact with the exportin. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is composed of nucleotides, and thus, lacks the nuclear export signal to move out of the nucleus. As a result, most forms of RNA will bind to a protein molecule to form a ribonucleoprotein complex to be exported from the nucleus.NES signal was first discovered in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein and cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI). The karyopherin receptor CRM1 has been identified as the export receptor for leucine-rich NESs in several organisms and is an evolutionarily conserved protein. The export mediated by CRM1 can be effectively inhibited by the fungicide leptomycin B (LMB), providing excellent experimental verification of this pathway.Not all NES substrates are constitutively exported from the nucleus, meaning that CRM1-mediated export is a regulated event. Several ways of regulating NES-dependent export have been reported. These include masking/unmasking of NESs, phosphorylationand even disulfide bond formation as a result of oxidation.Nuclear export first begins with the binding of Ran-GTP (a G-protein) to exportin. This causes a shape change in exportin, increasing its affinity for the export cargo. Once the cargo is bound, the Ran-exportin-cargo complex moves out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore. GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) then hydrolyze the Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP, and this causes a shape change and subsequent exportin release. Once no longer bound to Ran, the exportin molecule loses affinity for the nuclear cargo as well, and the complex falls apart. Exportin and Ran-GDP are recycled to the nucleus separately, and guanine exchange factor (GEF) in the nucleus switches the GDP for GTP on Ran.".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageID "16866820".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageLength "4178".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageOutDegree "17".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageRevisionID "701978726".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cell_biology.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cell_signaling.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Category:Molecular_genetics.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Category:Short_linear_motifs.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Cell_nucleus.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Cytoplasm.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink GTPase-activating_protein.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink G_protein.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Guanine_nucleotide_exchange_factor.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Karyopherin.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_localization_sequence.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_pore.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_transport.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLink RNA.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLinkText "NES".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLinkText "Nuclear Export Signal (NES)".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLinkText "Nuclear export signal".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLinkText "Nuclear_export_signal".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageWikiLinkText "nuclear export signal".
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cell-biology-stub.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Confusing.
- Nuclear_export_signal wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:ELM.
- Nuclear_export_signal subject Category:Cell_biology.
- Nuclear_export_signal subject Category:Cell_signaling.
- Nuclear_export_signal subject Category:Molecular_genetics.
- Nuclear_export_signal subject Category:Short_linear_motifs.
- Nuclear_export_signal hypernym Sequence.
- Nuclear_export_signal comment "A nuclear export signal (NES) is a short amino acid sequence of 4 hydrophobic residues in a protein that targets it for export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex using nuclear transport. It has the opposite effect of a nuclear localization signal, which targets a protein located in the cytoplasm for import to the nucleus. The NES is recognized and bound by exportins.".
- Nuclear_export_signal label "Nuclear export signal".
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs Q3511067.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs إشارة_تصدير_نووي.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs Sxc3xa9quence_dexportation_nuclxc3xa9aire.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs Sinal_de_exportación_nuclear.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs 核外搬出シグナル.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs m.0gy13h.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs Q3511067.
- Nuclear_export_signal sameAs 核输出序列.
- Nuclear_export_signal wasDerivedFrom Nuclear_export_signal?oldid=701978726.
- Nuclear_export_signal isPrimaryTopicOf Nuclear_export_signal.