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- Mexican_Revolution abstract "The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was a major armed struggle ca. 1910–20 that radically transformed Mexican politics and society. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the Revolution, it was a \"genuinely national revolution.\"The failure of the 35-year long regime of Porfirio Díaz to find a managed solution to the presidential succession meant there was a political crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection. Francisco I. Madero, cheated out of the 1910 presidential election, revolted under the Plan of San Luis Potosí which declared the Díaz presidency illegitimate, named Madero as provisional president, called for democracy, and demanded the return of lands unjustly taken from Mexican villages.The armed conflict lasted for the better part of a decade, until around 1920, and had several distinct phases. The period 1920–1940 is often considered to be a phase of the Revolution, during which power was consolidated and the revolutionary constitution of 1917 was implemented. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order under Díaz to a multi-sided civil war in particular regions with frequently shifting power struggles among factions in the Mexican Revolution. The Constitutionalist faction of northern Mexico, led by Venustiano Carranza, was the victor in the military phase of the conflict. Northerner Pancho Villa joined the fight against Díaz and came to be a major military figure in the Mexican Revolution until 1915. Peasant leader Emiliano Zapata opposed the Díaz regime and consistently led the fight for campesinos in the state of Morelos for land reform in Mexico until his assassination in 1919.The origins of the conflict were broadly based in opposition to the Díaz regime, with the 1910 election becoming the sparking point for the outbreak of a political rebellion. Elements of the Mexican elite hostile to Díaz, led by Madero, expanded to the middle class, the peasantry in some regions, and organized labor. In October 1911, Madero was overwhelmingly elected in a free and fair election. Opposition to the Madero regime increased from both the conservatives, who saw him as too weak and too liberal, and from former revolutionary fighters and the dispossessed, who saw him as too conservative. In February 1913 Madero was assassinated.Conservatives led by General Victoriano Huerta sought, from February 1913 on, to reimpose much of the old Porfirian order, but revolts against the regime ensued in the North, under the leadership of the governor of the state of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza, and in Morelos by peasant leader Emiliano Zapata. Anti-Huerta forces were unified to oust the president. Huerta was forced to resign in July 1914 after 17 months. The Revolution had grown increasingly broad based, radical, and violent. Many revolutionaries sought far-reaching social and economic reforms, restricting foreign investment and empowering Mexican workers and peasants via the state, while weakening conservative forces represented by the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, wealthy landowners, and foreign capitalists.In 1914, when the winners of the anti-Huerta struggle attempted to sort out a new revolutionary order via the Convention of Aguascalientes, that solution failed. Former allies now fought each other in another round of bloody civil war. Carranza and the best general of the Constitutionalist Army fought against former Constitutionalist general Pancho Villa, who allied with Zapata. The outcome of that civil war between revolutionaries was not a foregone conclusion, but in 1915 Constitutionalist general Obregón defeated Villa and the Constitutionalists under Carranza consolidated power. Zapata withdrew to Morelos and his followers returned to guerrilla warfare; Zapata was assassinated in 1919.Following the Constitutionalists' military victory, Carranza became the pre-constitutional president of Mexico. Then, with the writing and ratification of a new constitution in 1917, he was elected the constitutional president. In 1920 when elections were to be held, Carranza attempted to impose a civilian as the leading candidate for the presidency. Northern generals Obregón and Adolfo de la Huerta challenged the decision via the Plan of Agua Prieta. President Carranza attempted to leave the country, but was assassinated en route. General Adolfo de la Huerta assumed the interim presidency, with the election of 1920 bringing General Alvaro Obregón to the presidency.Out of a population of 15 million, the losses were high but numerical estimates vary a great deal. Perhaps 1.5 million people died; nearly 200,000 refugees fled abroad, especially to the United States.This armed conflict is often categorized as the most important sociopolitical event in Mexico and one of the greatest upheavals of the 20th century; it resulted in an important program of experimentation and reform in social organization.Foreign powers' important economic and strategic interests figured in the outcome of power struggles in Mexico, with United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution playing an especially significant role.Some scholars consider the promulgation of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 as its end point. “Economic and social conditions improved in accordance with revolutionary policies, so that the new society took shape within a framework of official revolutionary institutions,” with the constitution providing that framework.The constitution built on liberal principles of the Constitution of 1857, after which the Constitutionalist movement was named, but changes from that document recognized the importance of groups participating in the Revolution, particularly organized labor and the peasantry. Organized labor gained significant power, as seen in Article 123 of the Constitution of 1917. Land reform in Mexico was enabled by Article 27 of the Constitution. Economic nationalism was also enabled by Article 27, restricting ownership of enterprises by foreigners. Also in the Constitution were further restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, which, when implemented in the late 1920s, resulted in major violence in the Cristero War. No re-election of the president was enshrined in the Constitution and in practice.One major result of the revolution was the disappearance of the Federal Army in 1914, defeated by revolutionary forces of the various factions in the Mexican Revolution. In 1915, the revolutionary army of Pancho Villa, the Division del Norte, also disappeared. Former revolutionary generals turned presidents of Mexico, Alvaro Obregón, Plutarco Elías Calles, and Lázaro Cárdenas took on the task in the 1920s and 1930s of diminishing the power and independence of those armies and asserting effective civilian control.Managing political succession was achieved in 1929 with the creation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), the political party that has dominated Mexico since its creation, now called the Institutional Revolutionary Party.".
- Mexican_Revolution causalties "500 killed".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "(1916–18)".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "(1917–18)".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "(Until 1918)".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Army ofVictoriano Huerta".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Carrancistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Counter-revolutionary forces:".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Federal troops led byPorfirio Díaz".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Forces led byBernardo Reyes".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Forces led byFélix Díaz".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Maderistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Magonistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Orozquistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Revolutionary forces:".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Seditionistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Villistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "Zapatistas".
- Mexican_Revolution combatant "supported by:".
- Mexican_Revolution commander Bernardo_Reyes.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Emiliano_Zapata.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Francisco_I._Madero.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Félix_Díaz_(politician).
- Mexican_Revolution commander Pancho_Villa.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Pascual_Orozco.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Porfirio_Díaz.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Venustiano_Carranza.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Victoriano_Huerta.
- Mexican_Revolution commander Álvaro_Obregón.
- Mexican_Revolution place Mexico.
- Mexican_Revolution result "* Founding of theNational Revolutionary Party(PNR) 1929.".
- Mexican_Revolution result "* Successive assassinations of revolutionary leadersMadero(1913),Zapata(1919),Venustiano Carranza(1920),Pancho Villa(1923),Alvaro Obregón(1928)".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Carranza'sConstitutionalist ArmydefeatsPancho Villaat theBattle of Celaya1915".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Carranzaconsolidates his position as president of Mexico 1915".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Convention of Aguascalientesbetween revolutionary leaders, 1914.".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Francisco I. Maderoelected president of Mexico, 1911, assassinated February 1913.".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Mexican Constitution of 1917enacted.".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Porfirio Díazousted from power and exiled in France, May 1911.".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Venustiano Carranzacreates an alliance of Northerners under the Constitutionalist banner 1913.".
- Mexican_Revolution result "*Victoriano HuertaoverthrowsMaderoand assumes the presidency 1913–14.".
- Mexican_Revolution thumbnail Collage_revolución_mexicana.jpg?width=300.
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- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink ABC_nations.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_González_(governor).
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Adolfo_de_la_Huerta.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Agrarian_socialism.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Andrés_Molina_Enríquez.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Anti-Americanism.
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- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Columbus_(1916).
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Puebla.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Tierra_Blanca.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Benito_Juárez.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Bernardo_Reyes.
- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Bolsheviks.
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- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Category:1910s_in_Mexico.
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- Mexican_Revolution wikiPageWikiLink Category:20th_century_in_Mexico.