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- Merchants_mark abstract "Merchants' marks are as old as the sealings of the third millennium BCE found in Sumer that originated in the Indus Valley. Impressions of cloth, strings and other packing material on the reverse of tags with seal impressions indicatethat the Harappan seals were used to control economic administrationand trade. Amphorae from the Roman Empire can sometimes be traced to their sources from the inscriptions on their handles. Commercial inscriptions in Latin, known as Tituli picti, appear on Roman containers used for trade.Symbolic merchants' marks continued to be used by artisans and townspeople of the medieval and early modern eras to identify themselves and authenticate their goods. These distinctive and easily recognizable marks often appeared in their seals on documents and on products made for sale. They are often found on headstones and in works of stained glass, brass and stone, serving in place of heraldic imagery, which could not be used by the middle classes. They were the precursors of hallmarks, printer's marks and trademarks.To manage the risks of piracy or shipwreck, merchants often consigned a cargo to several vessels or caravans; a mark on a bale established legal ownership and avoided confusion. Early travellers, voyagers and merchants displayed their merchant's marks as well to ward off evil. Adventurous travellers and sailors ascribed the terrors and perils of their life to the wrath of the Devil. To counter these dangers merchants employed all sorts of religious and magical means to place their caravans, ships and merchandise under the protection of God and His Saints.One such symbol combined the mystical \"Sign of Four\" with the merchant's name or initials. The \"Sign of Four\" was an outgrowth of an ancient symbol adopted by the Romans and by Christianity, Chi Rho (XP), standing for the first two letters of Christus in Greek letters; this was simplified to a reversed \"4\" in Medieval times. The evolution of this symbol is shown in M. J. Shah's article. The \"Sign of Four\" is called the \"Staff of Mercury\" (Caduceus) in German and Scandinavian literature on house marks.The joint stock company or limited liability company was another way to reduce a merchant's risks of loss of ships and merchandise from dangerous voyages and travel. By royal charter a monopoly was assured and a merchant's personal liability was limited to the amount of his own investment. If a voyage succeeded the gains accrued to all of the investors in proportion to their invested capital shares. Modern institutions, corporations and trademarks, find some of their origins in these symbolic and legal devices for limiting physical and pecuniary risks.".
- Merchants_mark thumbnail MerchantMarkThomasHortonOfIlford.png?width=300.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageID "7479969".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageLength "7175".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageOutDegree "46".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageRevisionID "701012958".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Amphora.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Artisan.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Bourgeoisie.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Brand.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Caduceus.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Category:Brand_management.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Category:Symbols.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Chi_Rho.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Cylinder_seal.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Devil.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Early_modern_Europe.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Early_modern_period.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink East_India_Company.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Elizabeth_I_of_England.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Emblem.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink File:EIC_Coin_1791_Half_Pice.jpg.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink File:The_Variety_of_4_Marks.jpg.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Hallmark.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Headstone.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Heraldry.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink House_mark.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Indus_River.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Joint-stock_company.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Latin.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Middle_Ages.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Middle_class.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Monogram.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Printers_mark.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Risk.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Roman_Empire.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Royal_charter.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Scinde_Dawk.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Seal_(emblem).
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Stained_glass.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Sumer.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Symbol.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Titulus_pictus.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Trade.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink Trademark.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink File:Caxton_device.png.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink File:MerchantMarkThomasHortonOfIlford.png.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLink File:Symbols_on_a_Blue_Scinde_Dawk.jpg.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLinkText "Merchant's Marks".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLinkText "Merchant's mark".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLinkText "also had such marks".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLinkText "merchant mark".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageWikiLinkText "merchant's mark".
- Merchants_mark wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Commons_category.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Merchants_mark wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Use_dmy_dates.
- Merchants_mark subject Category:Brand_management.
- Merchants_mark subject Category:Symbols.
- Merchants_mark type Brand.
- Merchants_mark type Concept.
- Merchants_mark type Encoding.
- Merchants_mark type Infographic.
- Merchants_mark type Object.
- Merchants_mark type Redirect.
- Merchants_mark comment "Merchants' marks are as old as the sealings of the third millennium BCE found in Sumer that originated in the Indus Valley. Impressions of cloth, strings and other packing material on the reverse of tags with seal impressions indicatethat the Harappan seals were used to control economic administrationand trade. Amphorae from the Roman Empire can sometimes be traced to their sources from the inscriptions on their handles.".
- Merchants_mark label "Merchant's mark".
- Merchants_mark sameAs Q6818352.
- Merchants_mark sameAs m.0262_td.
- Merchants_mark sameAs Q6818352.
- Merchants_mark wasDerivedFrom Merchants_mark?oldid=701012958.
- Merchants_mark depiction MerchantMarkThomasHortonOfIlford.png.
- Merchants_mark isPrimaryTopicOf Merchants_mark.