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- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes abstract "This is a list of the chemical elements and their isotopes, listed in terms of stability.Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. These two forces compete, leading to some combinations of neutrons and protons being more stable than others. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract each other and protons, which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is needed to form a stable nucleus; if too many or too few neutrons are present with regard to the optimum ratio, the nucleus becomes unstable and subject to certain types of nuclear decay. Unstable isotopes decay through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, or electron capture. Many other rare types of decay, such as spontaneous fission or cluster decay are known. (See radioactive decay for details.)Of the first 83 elements in the periodic table, 80 have isotopes considered to be stable. Technetium, promethium (atomic numbers 43 and 61, respectively) and all the elements with an atomic number over 82 only have isotopes that are known to decompose through radioactive decay. No undiscovered elements are expected to be stable, therefore lead is considered the heaviest stable element. However, it is possible that some isotopes that are now considered stable will be revealed to decay with extremely long half-lives (as was the case in 2003 with bismuth-209, which had been considered to be stable). This list depicts what is agreed upon by the consensus of the scientific community as of 2008.For each of the 80 stable elements, the number of the stable isotopes is given. Only 90 isotopes are expected to be perfectly stable, and an additional 164 are energetically unstable, but have never been observed to decay. Thus, 254 isotopes (nuclides) are stable by definition (including tantalum-180m, for which no decay has yet been observed). Those that may in the future be found to be radioactive, are expected to have half-lives longer than 1022 years (for example, xenon-134).Of the chemical elements, only one element (tin) has 10 such stable isotopes, one (xenon) has eight isotopes, four have seven isotopes, nine have six isotopes, nine have five isotopes, nine have four isotopes, five have three stable isotopes, 16 have two stable isotopes, and 26 have a single stable isotope.Additionally, about 29 nuclides of the naturally occurring elements have unstable isotopes with a half-life larger than the age of the Solar System (~109 years or more). An additional six nuclides have half-lives longer than 80 million years, which is far less than the age of the solar system, but long enough for some of them to have survived. These 35 radioactive naturally occurring nuclides comprise the radioactive primordial nuclides. The total number of primordial nuclides is then 253 (the stable nuclides) plus the 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, for a total of 288 primordial nuclides. This number is subject to change if new shorter-lived primordials are identified on Earth.One of the primordial nuclides is Ta-180m, which is predicted to have a half-life in excess of 1015 years, but has never been observed to decay. The even longer half-life of 7.7 x 1024 years of tellurium-128 was measured by a unique method of detecting its radiogenic daughter xenon-128 and is the longest known experimentally measured half-life. Another notable example is the only naturally occurring isotope of bismuth, which has been predicted to be unstable with a very long half-life, but has been observed to decay. Because of their long half-lives, such isotopes are still found on Earth in various quantities, and together with the stable isotopes they are called primordial isotopes. All the primordial isotopes are given in order of their decreasing abundance on Earth.. For a list of primordial nuclides in order of half-life, see list of nuclides.There are 80 elements with at least one stable isotope, but 114 to 118 chemical elements are known, depending on official confirmation (118 are given in this table). All elements to element 94 are found in nature, and the remainder of the discovered elements are artificially produced, with isotopes all known to be highly radioactive with relatively short half-lives (see below). The elements in this list are ordered according to the lifetime of their most stable isotope. Of these, four elements (bismuth, thorium, uranium and plutonium) are primordial because they have half-lives long enough to still be found on the Earth, while all the others are produced either by radioactive decay or are synthesized in laboratories and nuclear reactors. Only 13 of the 38 known-but-unstable elements (assuming the total number of elements is 118) have isotopes with a half-life of at least 100 years. Every known isotope of the remaining 25 elements is highly radioactive; these are used in academic research and sometimes in industry and medicine. Some of the heavier elements in the periodic table may be revealed to have yet-undiscovered isotopes with longer lifetimes than those listed here.About 339 nuclides are found naturally on Earth. These comprise 254 stable isotopes, and with the addition of the 34 long-lived radioisotopes with half-lives longer than 80 million years, a total of 288 primordial nuclides, as noted above. The nuclides found naturally comprise not only the 288 primordials, but also include about 51 more short-lived isotopes (defined by a half-life less than 80 million years, too short to have survived from the formation of the Earth) that are daughters of primordial isotopes (such as radium from uranium); or else are made by energetic natural processes, such as carbon-14 made from atmospheric nitrogen by bombardment from cosmic rays.".
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes thumbnail Isotopes_and_half-life.svg?width=300.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageID "4253950".
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageLength "36585".
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageOutDegree "339".
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageRevisionID "699076771".
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Actinium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Age_of_the_universe.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Alpha_decay.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Aluminium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Americium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Antimony.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Argon.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Arsenic.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Astatine.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nucleus.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_number.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Barium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Berkelium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Beryllium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Beta-decay_stable_isobars.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Beta_decay.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Binding_energy.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth-209.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Bohrium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Boron.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Bromine.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Cadmium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Caesium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Calcium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Calcium-48.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Californium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Carbon.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-12.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-13.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-14.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Category:Lists_of_chemical_elements.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Cerium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Charge_(physics).
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_element.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Chlorine.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Chromium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Cluster_decay.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Cobalt.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Cobalt-60.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Common_beta_emitters.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Commonly_used_gamma-emitting_isotopes.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Copernicium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Copper.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Cosmic_ray.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Coulombs_law.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Curium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Darmstadtium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Day.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Deuterium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Double_beta_decay.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Dubnium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Dysprosium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Earth.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Einsteinium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Electron_capture.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Erbium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Europium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Fermium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Flerovium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Fluorine.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Fluorine-18.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Francium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Gadolinium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Gallium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Germanium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Gold.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Hafnium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Half-life.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Hassium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Helium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Helium-3.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Helium-4.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Holmium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Hour.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Indium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Iodine.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Iodine-123.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Iridium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Iron.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Iron-56.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Island_of_stability.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotope.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_aluminium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_americium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_antimony.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_argon.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_arsenic.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_barium.
- List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_beryllium.