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- Levuana_moth abstract "The Levuana moth (Levuana iridescens) was a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Levuana. The Levuana moth is a purple moth that became a serious pest for coconut plants in 1877, in Viti Levu, Fiji. On the island, outbreaks of the Levuana moth were frequent, and as a result coconut palms were devastated due to feeding moth larvae on the underside of leaves. As a consequence, copra (dried coconut meat from which coconut oil is extracted) production was severely affected and coconut cultivation be came unprofitable on Viti Levu. Indigenous Fijian culture, which relied on the coconut for food, water, fiber, medicinal products, fuel, and building materials, was threatened as a result of this coconut pest. In 1916, following a forty-year isolation on Viti Levu, the Levuana moth began expanding its range to close offshore islands, a variety of cultural and chemical control strategies over approximately a 16-yr period failed to bring this pest under effective control, until around 1925 when a historic biological control program devised by John Douglas Tothill permanently reduced high population densities to almost non-detectable levels. While no recorded documentation of Levuana sightings has been made since the 1920s, some believe that it existed in refuges up until the mid-1950s. However, this island group is most likely not the home range of this moth and it likely originated in island groups to the west of Fiji. This is supported by the fact that although only found in Fiji, no native parasite existed there.The young larval stage of the Levuana was an insatiable eater of coconut tree foliage. Beginning in the 1870s, hordes of the moth would decimate coconut plantations and adjacent native tree populations. Initially only located on the Fiji island of Viti Levu, Levuana eventually spread to neighboring islands, including the main coconut producing island of Vanau Levu. Without a formidable predator, Levuana population continued to rise until the species was so numerous it was considered by many a pest. Many attempts were made to eradicate the species as such a pest, all of which were unsuccessful until the 1925 biological control program.This species has a wingspan of 16 mm and is a day-flying insect. The head and thorax are steely blue, the abdomen and legs are ochreous.Canadian entomologist John Douglas Tothill spearheaded the campaign to lessen Levuana's numbers. Hoping for a major drop in moth populations, Tothill proposed the introduction of a parasite Levuana was susceptible to. However, because the Levuana moth was a species only found on Fiji, a direct and effective parasite was not readily available. Tothill then introduced the parasite of the Artona moth, a related species. The Bessa remota, a Malaysian fly species, proved immensely successful in lowering Levuana moth populations.".
- Levuana_moth class Insect.
- Levuana_moth conservationStatus "EX".
- Levuana_moth conservationStatusSystem "IUCN2.3".
- Levuana_moth family Zygaenidae.
- Levuana_moth kingdom Animal.
- Levuana_moth order Lepidoptera.
- Levuana_moth phylum Arthropod.
- Levuana_moth thumbnail Levuana_iridescens.jpg?width=300.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageExternalLink www.iucnredlist.org.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageExternalLink levuana.html.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageExternalLink all.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageID "12549396".
- Levuana_moth wikiPageLength "9476".
- Levuana_moth wikiPageOutDegree "20".
- Levuana_moth wikiPageRevisionID "695890635".
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Animal.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Arthropod.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Artona.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Bessa.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Biological_pest_control.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Category:Extinct_moths.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Category:Extinctions_since_1500.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Category:Moths_described_in_1906.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Category:Procridinae.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Hyperparasite.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Insect.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink John_Douglas_Tothill.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Lepidoptera.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Monotypic_taxon.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Moth.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Population_density.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Tachinidae.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Viti_Levu.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLink Zygaenidae.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageWikiLinkText "Levuana moth".
- Levuana_moth binomial "Levuana iridescens".
- Levuana_moth binomialAuthority "Bethune-Baker, 1906".
- Levuana_moth classis "Insecta".
- Levuana_moth familia Zygaenidae.
- Levuana_moth genus "Levuana".
- Levuana_moth image "Levuana iridescens.jpg".
- Levuana_moth ordo Lepidoptera.
- Levuana_moth phylum "Arthropoda".
- Levuana_moth regnum "Animalia".
- Levuana_moth species "L. iridescens".
- Levuana_moth status "EX".
- Levuana_moth statusSystem "IUCN2.3".
- Levuana_moth wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Levuana_moth wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Taxobox.
- Levuana_moth subject Category:Extinct_moths.
- Levuana_moth subject Category:Extinctions_since_1500.
- Levuana_moth subject Category:Moths_described_in_1906.
- Levuana_moth subject Category:Procridinae.
- Levuana_moth hypernym Moth.
- Levuana_moth type Animal.
- Levuana_moth type Eukaryote.
- Levuana_moth type Insect.
- Levuana_moth type Species.
- Levuana_moth type Redirect.
- Levuana_moth type Thing.
- Levuana_moth type Q1390.
- Levuana_moth type Q19088.
- Levuana_moth type Q729.
- Levuana_moth comment "The Levuana moth (Levuana iridescens) was a species of moth in the Zygaenidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Levuana. The Levuana moth is a purple moth that became a serious pest for coconut plants in 1877, in Viti Levu, Fiji. On the island, outbreaks of the Levuana moth were frequent, and as a result coconut palms were devastated due to feeding moth larvae on the underside of leaves.".
- Levuana_moth label "Levuana moth".
- Levuana_moth sameAs Q4847813.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_iridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_iridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_iridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs m.02wcs0h.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_irridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_iridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_irridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Levuana_iridescens.
- Levuana_moth sameAs Q4847813.
- Levuana_moth wasDerivedFrom Levuana_moth?oldid=695890635.
- Levuana_moth depiction Levuana_iridescens.jpg.
- Levuana_moth isPrimaryTopicOf Levuana_moth.