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- Lead_smelting abstract "Plants for the production of lead are generally referred to as lead smelters. Primary lead production begins with sintering. Concentrated lead ore is fed into a sintering machine with iron, silica, limestone fluxes, coke, soda ash, pyrite, zinc, caustics or pollution control particulates. Smelting uses suitable reducing substances that will combine with those oxidizing elements to free the metal. Reduction is the final, high-temperature step in smelting. It is here that the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing environment (often provided by carbon monoxide in an air-starved furnace) pulls the final oxygen atoms from the raw metal.Lead is usually smelted in a blast furnace using the carbon from the sintering machine to provide the heat source. As melting occurs, several layers form in the furnace. The molten lead layer sinks to the bottom of the furnace. A layer of the lightest elements, including arsenic and antimony, floats to the top and is referred to as the speiss. A \"matte\" layer also forms from the copper and metal sulfides. Finally, a layer of blast furnace slag, which contains mostly silicates, also forms. The speiss and the matte are usually sold to copper smelters where they are refined for copper processing. The slag is stored and partially recycled, if the metal content is sufficient.The lead from the blast furnace, called lead bullion, then undergoes the drossing process. The bullion is agitated in kettles then cooled to 700-800 degrees. This process results in molten lead and dross. Dross refers to the lead oxides, copper, antimony and other elements that float to the top of the lead. Dross is usually skimmed off and sent to a dross furnace to recover the non-lead components which are sold to other metal manufacturers. The Parkes process is used to separate silver or gold from lead.Finally, the molten lead is refined. Pyrometallurgical methods are usually used to remove the remaining non-lead components of the mixture, for example the Betterton-Kroll process and the Betts electrolytic process. The non-lead metals are usually sold to other metal processing plants. The refined lead may be made into alloys or directly cast.People who operate or work in such plants are also referred to as smelters.".
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageRevisionID "704623460".
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink 2009_Chinese_lead_poisoning_scandal.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Aluminium_smelting.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink American_Academy_of_Pediatrics.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Coke_(fuel).
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Cupola_furnace.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Desloge_Consolidated_Lead_Company.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Flux_(metallurgy).
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Harbor_Island,_Seattle.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Hayden_Smelter.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink History_of_El_Paso,_Texas.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Jordan_River_(Utah).
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Lead_poisoning.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Milford,_Derbyshire.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mimetite.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mining_in_Roman_Britain.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mining_in_Tajikistan.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mining_in_Zambia.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mining_in_the_Upper_Harz.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Molybdomancy.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mortar_(masonry).
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Mount_Isa_Mines.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Noonday_Camp,_California.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Old_Mines,_Missouri.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Parkes_process.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Red_Dog_mine.
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- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Silberhütte_(Harzgerode).
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Silver.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Silver_City,_Utah.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin.
- Lead_smelting wikiPageWikiLink Skelleftehamn.