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- Late_Roman_army abstract "In modern scholarship, the \"late\" period of the Roman army begins with the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in AD 284, and ends in 476 with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus, being roughly coterminous with the Dominate. During the period 395–476, the army of the Roman Empire's western half progressively disintegrated, while its counterpart in the East, known as the East Roman army (or the early Byzantine army) remained largely intact in size and structure until the reign of Justinian I (r. AD 527-565).The Imperial Roman army of the Principate (30 BC-AD 284) underwent a significant transformation as a result of the chaotic 3rd century. Unlike the army of the Principate, the army of the 4th century was heavily dependent on conscription and its soldiers were paid much less than in the 2nd century. Barbarians from outside the empire probably supplied a much larger proportion of the late army's recruits than in the army of the 1st and 2nd centuries, but there is little evidence that this adversely affected the army's performance.Scholarly estimates of the size of the 4th-century army diverge widely, ranging from ca. 400,000 to over one million effectives (i.e. from roughly the same size as the 2nd-century army to 2 or 3 times larger). This is due to fragmentary evidence, unlike the much better-documented 2nd-century army.Under the Tetrarchy, military commands were separated from administrative governorships for the first time, in contrast to the Principate, where provincial governors were also commanders-in-chief of all military forces deployed in their provinces.The main change in structure from the 2nd-century army was the establishment of large escort armies (comitatus praesentales), typically containing 20,000-30,000 top-grade palatini troops. These were normally based near the imperial capitals: (Constantinople in the East, Milan in the West), thus far from the Empire's borders. These armies' primary function was to deter usurpers, and they usually campaigned under the personal command of their emperors. The legions were split up into smaller units comparable in size to the auxiliary regiments of the Principate. Infantry adopted the more protective equipment of the Principate cavalry.The role of cavalry in the late army does not appear to have been greatly enhanced as compared with the army of the Principate. The evidence is that cavalry was much the same proportion of overall army numbers as in the 2nd century and that its tactical role and prestige remained similar. However, the cavalry of the Late Roman army was endowed with greater numbers of specialised units, such as extra-heavy shock cavalry (cataphractii and clibanarii) and mounted archers. During the later 4th century, the cavalry acquired a reputation for incompetence and cowardice for their role in three major battles. In contrast, the infantry retained its traditional reputation for excellence.The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the upgrading of many existing border forts to make them more defensible, as well as the construction of new forts with stronger defenses. The interpretation of this trend has fuelled an ongoing debate whether the army adopted a defence-in-depth strategy or continued the same posture of \"forward defence\" as in the early Principate. Many elements of the late army's defence posture were similar to those associated with forward defence, such as forward location of forts, frequent cross-border operations, and external buffer-zones of allied barbarian tribes. Whatever the defence strategy, it was apparently less successful in preventing barbarian incursions than in the 1st and 2nd centuries. This may have been due to heavier barbarian pressure, and/or to the practice of keeping large armies of the best troops in the interior, depriving the border forces of sufficient support.".
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Adrianople.
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363).
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Satala_(298).
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_Strasbourg.
- Late_Roman_army battle Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains.
- Late_Roman_army country Roman_Empire.
- Late_Roman_army militaryUnitSize "[[#Army size".
- Late_Roman_army thumbnail Venice_–_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg?width=300.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink www.durolitum.co.uk.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Ammianus_Marcellinus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Sculca_sculcator_exculcator_and_proculcator_the_Scouts_of_the_late_Roman_Army_and_a_disputed_Etymology_Latomus._Revue_dEtudes_Latines_73_2014_474-501.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Champions_and_Tradition.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Did_Diocletian_overhaul_the_Roman_army.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink www.comitatus.net.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Late.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Bibliotheca.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink paintingcataphract.jpg.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Zosimus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageExternalLink Campidoctores_vicarii_vel_tribuni_the_senior_regimental_officers_in_the_late_Roman_army_and_the_rise_of_the_campidoctor_in_A.S._LEWIN_and_P._PELLEGRINI_edd._The_Late_Roman_Army_in_the_Near_East_from_Diocletian_to_the_Arab_Conquest_BAR_int._ser._1717_Oxford_2007_395-409.
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink A._H._M._Jones.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Actuarius.
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement.
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Arbogast_(general).
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Adrianople.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(363).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Naissus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Satala_(298).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Strasbourg.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Battlement.
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Cambridge_University_Press.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Caracalla.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Carpi_(people).
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Category:Late_Roman_military.
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- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Clibanarii.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Clipeus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Codex_Theodosianus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Cohort_(military_unit).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Comitatenses.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Composite_bow.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Conscription.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constans.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constantine_II_(emperor).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constantine_the_Great.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constantinople.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constantius_Chlorus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constantius_II.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Constitutio_Antoniniana.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Cornuti.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Corpus_Juris_Civilis.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Crisis_of_the_Third_Century.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Crossbow.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Cursus_honorum.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Cursus_publicus.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Dacia.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Dalmatia.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Decimation_(Roman_army).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Decurion_(Roman_cavalry_officer).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Defence-in-depth_(Roman_military).
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Deurne_helmet.
- Late_Roman_army wikiPageWikiLink Devils_Dykes.