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- Ischemic_cascade abstract "The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply). This is typically secondary to stroke, injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack. Most ischemic neurons that die do so due to the activation of chemicals produced during and after ischemia. The ischemic cascade usually goes on for two to three hours but can last for days, even after normal blood flow returns.A cascade is a series of events in which one event triggers the next, in a linear fashion. Thus \"ischemic cascade\" is actually a misnomer, since the events are not always linear: in some cases they are circular, and sometimes one event can cause or be caused by multiple events. In addition, cells receiving different amounts of blood may go through different chemical processes. Despite these facts, the ischemic cascade can be generally characterized as follows: Lack of oxygen causes the neuron's normal process for making ATP for energy to fail. The cell switches to anaerobic metabolism, producing lactic acid. ATP-reliant ion transport pumps fail, causing the cell to become depolarized, allowing ions, including calcium (Ca++), to flow into the cell. The ion pumps can no longer transport calcium out of the cell, and intracellular calcium levels get too high. The presence of calcium triggers the release of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate stimulates AMPA receptors and Ca++-permeable NMDA receptors, which open to allow more calcium into cells. Excess calcium entry overexcites cells and causes the generation of harmful chemicals like free radicals, reactive oxygen species and calcium-dependent enzymes such as calpain, endonucleases, ATPases, and phospholipases in a process called excitotoxicity. Calcium can also cause the release of more glutamate. As the cell's membrane is broken down by phospholipases, it becomes more permeable, and more ions and harmful chemicals flow into the cell. Mitochondria break down, releasing toxins and apoptotic factors into the cell. The caspase-dependent apoptosis cascade is initiated, causing cells to \"commit suicide.\" If the cell dies through necrosis, it releases glutamate and toxic chemicals into the environment around it. Toxins poison nearby neurons, and glutamate can overexcite them. If and when the brain is reperfused, a number of factors lead to reperfusion injury. An inflammatory response is mounted, and phagocytic cells engulf damaged but still viable tissue. Harmful chemicals damage the blood–brain barrier. Cerebral edema (swelling of the brain) occurs due to leakage of large molecules like albumins from blood vessels through the damaged blood brain barrier. These large molecules pull water into the brain tissue after them by osmosis. This \"vasogenic edema\" causes compression of and damage to brain tissue (Freye 2011; Acquired Mitochondropathy-A New Paradigm in Western Medicine Explaining Chronic Diseases).↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageID "2865101".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageLength "8138".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageOutDegree "57".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageRevisionID "703143423".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink AMPA_receptor.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink ATPase.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Action_potential.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Adenosine_triphosphate.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Albumin.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Apoptosis.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Biochemical_cascade.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Blood–brain_barrier.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Brain.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Calcium.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Calcium_channel_blocker.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Calpain.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Cardiac_arrest.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Caspase.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Category:Angiology.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Category:Ischemia.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Category:Pathology.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Cell_(biology).
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Cerebral_edema.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Clinical_trial.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Endonuclease.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Enzyme.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Excitotoxicity.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Fermentation.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Glutamate_antagonists.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Glutamic_acid.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Inflammation.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Ion.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Ion_transporter.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Ischemia.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink KannaLife.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Lactic_acid.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Major_trauma.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Mitochondrion.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Molecule.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Myocardial_infarction.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink NMDA_receptor.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink NMDA_receptor_antagonist.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink National_Institute_of_Mental_Health.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Necrosis.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Neuron.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Neuroprotection.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Neurotransmitter.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Osmosis.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Phagocytosis.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Phospholipase.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Radical_(chemistry).
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Reactive_oxygen_species.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Reperfusion_injury.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLink Stroke.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ischemic cascade".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLinkText "ischemic cascade".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLinkText "ischemic neuronal injury".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageWikiLinkText "reperfusion".
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Citation_needed.
- Ischemic_cascade wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Ischemic_cascade subject Category:Angiology.
- Ischemic_cascade subject Category:Ischemia.
- Ischemic_cascade subject Category:Pathology.
- Ischemic_cascade hypernym Series.
- Ischemic_cascade type TelevisionShow.
- Ischemic_cascade type Redirect.
- Ischemic_cascade type Specialty.
- Ischemic_cascade comment "The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply). This is typically secondary to stroke, injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack. Most ischemic neurons that die do so due to the activation of chemicals produced during and after ischemia.".
- Ischemic_cascade label "Ischemic cascade".
- Ischemic_cascade sameAs Q2940871.
- Ischemic_cascade sameAs شلال_إقفاري.
- Ischemic_cascade sameAs Cascade_ischémique.
- Ischemic_cascade sameAs m.087q8x.
- Ischemic_cascade sameAs Q2940871.
- Ischemic_cascade wasDerivedFrom Ischemic_cascade?oldid=703143423.
- Ischemic_cascade isPrimaryTopicOf Ischemic_cascade.