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- Hydrous_pyrolysis abstract "Hydrous pyrolysis refers to the thermal decomposition which takes place when organic compounds are heated to high temperatures in the presence of water.Steam cracking is used in the petroleum industry to produce the lighter alkenes. Steam cracking uses water in the gas phase, whereas many hydrous pyrolysis processes use superheated water in the liquid phase.Hydrous pyrolysis may be a significant process in the creation of fossil fuels. Simple heating without water, anhydrous pyrolysis has long been considered to take place naturally during the catagenesis of kerogens to fossil fuels. In recent decades it has been found that water under pressure causes more efficient breakdown of kerogens at lower temperatures than without it. The carbon isotope ratio of natural gas also suggests that hydrogen from water has been added during creation of the gas.U.S. patent 2,177,557, describes a two-stage process in which a mixture of water, wood chips, and calcium hydroxide is heated in the first stage at temperatures in a range of 220 to 360 °C (428 to 680 °F), with the pressure \"higher than that of saturated steam at the temperature used.\" This produces \"oils and alcohols\" which are collected. The materials are then subjected in a second stage to what is called \"dry distillation\", which produces \"oils and ketones\". Temperatures and pressures for this Second stage are not disclosed.Zhang et al., at the University of Illinois, report on a hydrous pyrolysis process in which swine manure is converted to oil by heating the swine manure and water in the presence of carbon monoxide in a closed container. For that process they report that a temperatures of at least 275 °C (527 °F) is required to convert the swine manure to oil, and temperatures above about 335 °C (635 °F) reduces the amount of oil produced. The Zhang et al. process produces pressures of about 7 to 18 Mpa (1000 to 2600 psi - 69 to 178 atm), with higher temperatures producing higher pressures. Zhang et al. used a retention time of 120 minutes for the reported study, but report at higher temperatures a time of less than 30 minutes results in significant production of oil.A commercialized process using hydrous pyrolysis (see the article Thermal depolymerization) used by Changing World Technologies, Inc. (CWT) and its subsidiary Renewable Environmental Solutions, LLC (RES) to convert turkey offal reported by Adams et al. as a two-stage process, the first stage to convert the turkey offal to hydrocarbons at a temperature of 200 to 300 °C (392 to 572 °F) and a second stage to crack the oil into light hydrocarbons at a temperature of near 500 °C (932 °F). Adams et al. report only that the first stage heating is \"under pressure\"; Lemley, in a non-technical article on the CWT process, reports that for the first stage (for conversion) a temperature of about 260 °C (500 °F) and a pressure of about 600 psi, with a time for the conversion of \"usually about 15 minutes\". For the second stage (cracking), Lemley reports a temperature of about 480 °C (896 °F).The EROEI [Energy Returned On Energy Invested] of these processes is uncertain and/or has not been measured. Furthermore, products of hydrous pyrolysis might not meet current fuel standards. Further processing may be required to produce fuels.".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageExternalLink CHH.pdf.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageExternalLink ai_13528247.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageExternalLink ovii-3.pdf.
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- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageLength "5765".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageOutDegree "21".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageRevisionID "690397876".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Alkene.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Atmosphere_(unit).
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Catagenesis_(geology).
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Category:Fossil_fuels.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Category:Pyrolysis.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Cracking_(chemistry).
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Fossil_fuel.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Gas.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Isotope.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Kerogen.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Natural_gas.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Pascal_(unit).
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Petroleum.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Pounds_per_square_inch.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Pyrolysis.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Superheated_water.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Thermal_depolymerization.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLink Water.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLinkText "Hydrous pyrolysis".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageWikiLinkText "hydrous pyrolysis".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Convert.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis subject Category:Fossil_fuels.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis subject Category:Pyrolysis.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis type Fuel.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis type Process.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis type Reaction.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis type Technology.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis comment "Hydrous pyrolysis refers to the thermal decomposition which takes place when organic compounds are heated to high temperatures in the presence of water.Steam cracking is used in the petroleum industry to produce the lighter alkenes. Steam cracking uses water in the gas phase, whereas many hydrous pyrolysis processes use superheated water in the liquid phase.Hydrous pyrolysis may be a significant process in the creation of fossil fuels.".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis label "Hydrous pyrolysis".
- Hydrous_pyrolysis sameAs Q5955491.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis sameAs Hüdropürolüüs.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis sameAs m.04pjgw.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis sameAs Q5955491.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis wasDerivedFrom Hydrous_pyrolysis?oldid=690397876.
- Hydrous_pyrolysis isPrimaryTopicOf Hydrous_pyrolysis.