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• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) abstract "History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) covers a period in the history of Poland and Lithuania, before their joint state was subjected to devastating wars in the middle of the 17th century. The Union of Lublin of 1569 established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a more closely unified federal state, replacing the previously existing personal union of the two countries. The Union was largely run by the Polish and increasingly Polonized Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility, through the system of the central parliament and local assemblies, but from 1573 led by elected kings. The formal rule of the proportionally more numerous than in other European countries nobility constituted a sophisticated early democratic system, in contrast to the absolute monarchies prevalent at that time in the rest of Europe.The beginning of the Commonwealth coincided with the period of Poland's great power, civilizational advancement and prosperity. The Polish–Lithuanian Union had become an influential player in Europe and a vital cultural entity, spreading Western culture eastward. In the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a huge state in central-eastern Europe, with an area approaching one million square kilometers.Following the Reformation gains (the Warsaw Confederation of 1573 was the culmination of the unique in Europe religious toleration processes), the Catholic Church embarked on an ideological counter-offensive and Counter-Reformation claimed many converts from Protestant circles. Disagreements over and difficulties with the assimilation of the eastern Ruthenian populations of the Commonwealth had become clearly discernible. At an earlier stage (from the late 16th century), they manifested themselves in the religious Union of Brest, which split the Eastern Christians of the Commonwealth, and on the military front, in a series of Cossack uprisings.The Commonwealth, assertive militarily under King Stephen Báthory, suffered from dynastic distractions during the reigns of the Vasa kings Sigismund III and Władysław IV. It had also become a playground of internal conflicts, in which the kings, powerful magnats and factions of nobility were the main actors. The Commonwealth fought wars with Russia, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire. At the Commonwealth's height, some of its powerful neighbors experienced difficulties of their own and the Polish–Lithuanian state sought domination in Eastern Europe, in particular over Russia. Allied with the Habsburg Monarchy, it did not directly participate in the Thirty Years' War.Tsar Ivan IV of Russia undertook in 1577 hostilities in the Livonian region, which resulted in his takeover of most of the area and caused the Polish–Lithuanian involvement in the Livonian War. The successful counter-offensive led by King Báthory and Jan Zamoyski resulted in the peace of 1582 and the retaking of much of the territory contested with Russia, with the Swedish forces establishing themselves in the far north (Estonia). Estonia was declared a part of the Commonwealth by Sigismund III in 1600, which gave rise to a war with Sweden over Livonia; the war lasted until 1611 without producing a definite outcome.In 1600, as Russia was entering a period of instability, the Commonwealth proposed a union with the Russian state. This failed move was followed by many other similarly unsuccessful, often adventurous attempts, some involving military invasions, other dynastic and diplomatic manipulations and scheming. While the differences between the two societies and empires proved in the end too formidable to overcome, the Polish–Lithuanian state ended up in 1619, after the Truce of Deulino, with the greatest ever expansion of its territory. At the same time it was weakened by the huge military effort made.In 1620 the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Osman II declared a war against the Commonwealth. At the disastrous Battle of Ţuţora Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski was killed and the Commonwealth's situation in respect to the Turkish-Tatar invasion forces became very precarious. A mobilization in Poland-Lithuania followed and when Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz's army withstood fierce enemy assaults at the Battle of Khotyn (1621), the situation improved on the southeastern front. More warfare with the Ottomans followed in 1633–1634 and vast expanses of the Commonwealth had been subjected to Tatar incursions and slave-taking expeditions throughout the period.War with Sweden, now under Gustavus Adolphus, resumed in 1621 with his attack on Riga, followed by the Swedish occupation of much of Livonia, control of Baltic Sea coast up to Puck and the blockade of Danzig. The Commonwealth, exhausted by the warfare that had taken place elsewhere, in 1626–1627 mustered a response, utilizing the military talents of Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski and help from Austria. Under pressure from several European powers, the campaign was stopped and ended in the Truce of Altmark, leaving in Swedish hands much of what Gustavus Adolphus had conquered.Another war with Russia followed in 1632 and was concluded without much change in the status quo. King Władysław IV then proceeded to recover the lands lost to Sweden. At the conclusion of the hostilities, Sweden evacuated the cities and ports of Royal Prussia but kept most of Livonia. Courland, which had remained with the Commonwealth, assumed the servicing of Lithuania's Baltic trade. After Frederick William's last Prussian homage before the Polish king in 1641, the Commonwealth's position in regard to Prussia and its Hohenzollern rulers kept getting weaker.".
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) thumbnail Kober_Stephen_Bathory.jpg?width=300.
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• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Absolute_monarchy.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Adam_Jarzębski.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Albrecht_von_Wallenstein.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Alchemy.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Aleksander_Korwin_Gosiewski.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Amsterdam.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Anna_Jagiellon.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Antoine_Lavoisier.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Antonio_Possevino.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Artillery.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Augustus_III_of_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Augustus_II_the_Strong.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Baltic_Sea.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Baltiysk.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Baroque_in_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bartholomeus_Strobel.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Byczyna.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Cecora_(1620).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Guzów.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Humenné.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Kircholm.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Klushino.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Kokenhausen.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Nördlingen_(1634).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Oliwa.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Stångebro.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Trzciana.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Vienna.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Wallhof.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_White_Mountain.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Ţuţora_(1595).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bay_of_Puck.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Belarus.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Belarusians.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bernardo_Morando.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Black_Sea.
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• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bochnia.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bogislaw_XIV,_Duke_of_Pomerania.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Boris_Godunov.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bourgeoisie.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Boyar.
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• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Bytów.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Byzantine_Rite.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Calvinism.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:16th_century_in_Lithuania.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:16th_century_in_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:17th_century_in_Lithuania.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:17th_century_in_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_Lithuania_(1569–1795).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_Poland_(1569–1795).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Political_history_of_Lithuania.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Political_history_of_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Catherine_Jagiellon.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Cavalry.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Chancellor_(Poland).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Chancery_Slavonic_language.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Charles_IX_of_France.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Charles_IX_of_Sweden.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Chemistry.
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• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Church_Slavonic_language.
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• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Cieszyn.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Class_conflict.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Collegium_Hosianum.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Colonization.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Confederation_(Poland).
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Cossack_uprisings.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Cossacks.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Council_of_Four_Lands.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Council_of_Trent.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Counter-Reformation.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Courland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Crimea.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Crimean_Khanate.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Crimean_Tatars.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Crown_land.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Crusades.
• History_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569–1648) wikiPageWikiLink Czarne.

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