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- Hellenistic_period abstract "The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards \"barbarian\" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific \"mother city\". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. \"Hellenistic\" is distinguished from \"Hellenic\" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.".
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- Hellenistic_period wikiPageExternalLink the-pergamon-altar1.html.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageExternalLink article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=29.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageExternalLink wihs.uwaterloo.ca.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageExternalLink hd_haht.htm.
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- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink 133_BC.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Abrahamic_religions.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Achaea_(Roman_province).
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Achaean_League.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Achaean_War.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Achaeans_(tribe).
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Achaemenid_Empire.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Acropolis.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Adriatic_Sea.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aeacidae.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aeschylus.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aetolian_League.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Afghanistan.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Africa.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Agathocles_of_Syracuse.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Agde.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Agnosticism.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Agora.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Agrianes.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ai-Khanoum.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Al-Biruni.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Alchemy.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_IV_of_Macedon.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_the_Great.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Alexandria.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Alexandrian_school.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Amulet.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Anatolia.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Carthage.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greece.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greek_coinage.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greek_comedy.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greek_literature.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greek_novel.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greek_religion.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greek_sculpture.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Macedonian_army.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Rome.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Andragoras_(Seleucid_satrap).
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Andriscus.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antigenes_(general).
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antigonus_III_Doson.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antigonus_II_Gonatas.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antigonus_II_Mattathias.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antikythera_mechanism.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antimachus_I.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antimachus_II.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antioch.
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- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antiochus_III_the_Great.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antiochus_II_Theos.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antiochus_I_Soter.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antiochus_VII_Sidetes.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antiochus_of_Ascalon.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Antipater.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apamea_(Euphrates).
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apatheia.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aphrodite.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aphrodite_of_Cnidus.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apollo.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apollodotus_I.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apollonius_of_Perga.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apollonius_of_Rhodes.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Apotheosis.
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- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arabian_Peninsula.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arabs.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arachosia.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aratus_of_Sicyon.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arcesilaus.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Archimedes.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Archimedes_screw.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Architecture.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ardiaei.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aretas_III.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Argead_dynasty.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Argonautica.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Argos.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ariana.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aristarchus_of_Samos.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Aristotle.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arnaldo_Momigliano.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arrhidaeus.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arrian.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arsaces_II_of_Parthia.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Arsaces_I_of_Parthia.
- Hellenistic_period wikiPageWikiLink Art_history.