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- H5N1_genetic_structure abstract "H5N1 genetic structure is the molecular structure of the H5N1 virus's RNA.H5N1 is an Influenza A virus subtype. Experts believe it might mutate into a form that transmits easily from person to person. If such a mutation occurs, it might remain an H5N1 subtype or could shift subtypes as did H2N2 when it evolved into the Hong Kong Flu strain of H3N2.H5N1 has mutated through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties, but all currently belonging to genotype Z of avian influenza virus H5N1. Genotype Z emerged through reassortment in 2002 from earlier highly pathogenic genotypes of H5N1 that first appeared in China in 1996 in birds and in Hong Kong in 1997 in humans. The \"H5N1 viruses from human infections and the closely related avian viruses isolated in 2004 and 2005 belong to a single genotype, often referred to as genotype Z.\" This infection of humans coincided with an epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong’s poultry population. This panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area) outbreak was stopped by the killing of the entire domestic poultry population within the territory. The name H5N1 refers to the subtypes of surface antigens present on the virus: hemagglutinin type 5 and neuraminidase type 1.Genotype Z of H5N1 is now the dominant genotype of H5N1. Genotype Z is endemic in birds in southeast Asia and represents a long term pandemic threat.Influenza A viruses have 11 genes on eight separate RNA molecules [1]: PB2 (polymerase basic 2) PB1 (polymerase basic 1) PB1-F2 (alternate open reading frame near the 5' end of the PB1 gene) PA (polymerase acidic) HA (hemagglutinin) NP (nucleoprotein) NA (neuraminidase) M1 and M2 (matrix) NS1 (non-structural)NEP/NS2 (nuclear export of vRNPs)Two of the most important RNA molecules are HA and PB1. HA creates a surface antigen that is especially important in transmissibility. PB1 creates a viral polymerase molecule that is especially important in virulence.The HA RNA molecule contains the HA gene, which codes for hemagglutinin, which is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. Hemagglutinin forms spikes at the surface of flu viruses that function to attach viruses to cells. This attachment is required for efficient transfer of flu virus genes into cells, a process that can be blocked by antibodies that bind to the hemagglutinin proteins.One genetic factor in distinguishing between human flu viruses and avian flu viruses is that avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human influenza HA bind alpha 2-6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors. Humans have avian-type receptors at very low densities and chickens have human-type receptors at very low densities. Some isolates taken from H5N1-infected human have been observed to have HA mutations at positions 182, 192, 223, 226, or 228 and these mutations have been shown to influence the selective binding of the virus to those previously mentioned sialic acid avian and/or human cell surface receptors. These are the types of mutations that can change a bird flu virus into a flu pandemic virus.A 2008 virulence study that mated in a laboratory an avian flu H5N1 virus that circulated in Thailand in 2004 and a human flu H3N2 virus recovered in Wyoming in 2003 produced 63 viruses representing various potential combinations of human and avian influenza A virus genes. One in five were lethal to mice at low doses. The virus that most closely matched H5N1 for virulence was one with the hemagglutinin (HA), the neuraminidase (NA) and the PB1 avian flu virus RNA molecules with their genes combined with the remaining five RNA molecules (PB2, PA, NP, M, and NS) with their genes from the human flu virus. Both the viruses from the 1957 pandemic and 1968 pandemic carried an avian flu virus PB1 gene. The authors suggest that picking up an avian flu virus PB1 gene may be a critical step in a potential flu pandemic virus arising through reassortment.\"PB1 codes for the PB1 protein and the PB1-F2 protein. The PB1 protein is a critical component of the viral polymerase. The PB1-F2 protein is encoded by an alternative open reading frame of the PB1 RNA segment and \"interacts with 2 components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex, ANT3 and VDCA1, [sensitizing] cells to apoptosis. [...] PB1-F2 likely contributes to viral pathogenicity and might have an important role in determining the severity of pandemic influenza.\" This was discovered by Chen et al. and reported in Nature. \"After comparing viruses from the Hong Kong 1997 H5N1 outbreak, one amino acid change (N66S) was found in the PB1-F2 sequence at position 66 that correlated with pathogenicity. This same amino acid change (N66S) was also found in the PB1-F2 protein of the 1918 pandemic A/Brevig Mission/18 virus.\"".
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Antibody.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Antigen.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Antigenic_drift.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Apoptosis.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Avian_influenza.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Basic_reproduction_number.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Bird.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Cambodia.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Capsid.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Category:Epidemiology.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Category:Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Cell_(biology).
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink China.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Cytokine.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Enzyme.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Epidemic.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Epizootic.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Europe.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Flock_(birds).
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Fujian_flu.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Gene.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Genetic_code.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Genetic_recombination.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Genome.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Genotype.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Genus.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Glycoprotein.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Harbin.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Harbin_Veterinary_Research_Institute.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Hemagglutinin.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Hemagglutinin_(influenza).
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Hong_Kong.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Human.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Infection.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Influenza_Genome_Sequencing_Project.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Influenza_virus_nucleoprotein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Influenzavirus_B.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Japan.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Laos.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Lysine.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink M1_protein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink M2_proton_channel.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Macrophage.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Malaysia.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Memphis,_Tennessee.
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- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Mouse.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Mutation.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink NS1_influenza_protein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink NS2_(protein).
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Nature_(journal).
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Neuraminidase.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Nucleoprotein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Orthomyxoviridae.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink PA_protein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink PB1-F2_protein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink PB1_protein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink PB2_protein.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Parasitism.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Pathogen.
- H5N1_genetic_structure wikiPageWikiLink Phylogenetics.