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- Era_of_Stagnation abstract "The Era of Stagnation (Russian: Период застоя, Stagnation Period, also called the Brezhnevian Stagnation) was a period of negative economic, political, and social effects in the Soviet Union, dubbed by a generic term \"stagnation\", which began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985). This period ended when Mikhail Gorbachev introduced his policies of glasnost, perestroika, uskoreniye, and demokratizatsiya. However the efforts of Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. On the other hand, Brezhnev introduced a neologism \"developed socialsim\" and declared its period (Russian: период развитого социализма) to start in 1971. The term stems from Khrushchev's promise of reaching communism in 20 years.The 1964–82 period in the Soviet Union began hopefully but devolved into disillusionment. Historians, scholars, and specialists are uncertain what caused the stagnation, with some arguing that the planned economy suffered from systemic flaws which inhibited growth. Others have argued that the lack of reform, or the high expenditures on defense, led to stagnation. The majority of scholars set the starting year for economic stagnation at 1975, although some claim that it began as early as the 1960s. Social stagnation began much earlier, with Brezhnev's rise to power, his revoking of several of the relatively liberal reforms of his predecessor, Nikita Khrushchev, and his partial rehabilitation of Stalinist policies, beginning with the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial in 1965. The political stagnation is associated with the establishment of gerontocracy, which came into being as part of the policy of stability.Brezhnev has been criticised posthumously for doing too little to improve the economic situation. Throughout his rule, no major reforms were initiated and the few proposed reforms were either very modest or opposed by the majority of the Soviet leadership. The reform-minded Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Government), Alexei Kosygin, introduced two modest reforms in the 1970s after the failure of his more radical 1965 reform, and attempted to reverse the trend of declining growth. By the 1970s, Brezhnev had consolidated enough power to stop any \"radical\" reform-minded attempts by Kosygin.When Brezhnev died in November 1982, the Soviet Union he handed over to his successor, Andropov, was much less dynamic than when he assumed power. During his short rule, Andropov introduced modest reforms; he died little more than a year later in February 1984. Chernenko, his successor, continued much of Andropov's policies; scholars still debate whether those policies improved the economic situation in the country.".
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