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- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging abstract "Pharmaceutical packaging industry required $20 billion a year by 2013 and will expect to rise up to $78.79 billion by 2018. Among them, 80% of pills in the world are packed with blister packaging, which is the most convenient type for several reasons. Blister packs have two main components, the “lid” and the “blister” (cavity). Lid is mainly manufactured with aluminum (Al) and paper. The Cavity consists of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET) or aluminum (Al). If users employ proper disposal methods, all these materials can be recycled and the harmful effects to the environment can be minimized. However, a problem arises with the improper disposal either by burning or disposing as normal household waste.Burning of blister packs directly causes air pollution by the combustion products of polypropylene ([C3H6]n), polyester ([C10H8O4]n), and polyvinyl chloride ([CH2CHCl]n). The combustion reactions and products of these chemicals are mentioned below.[C3H6]n + 9n/2 O2 → 3n CO2 +3n H2O[C10H8O4]n + 10n O2 → 10n CO2 +4n H2O[CH2CHCl]n + 2n O2 → n CO2 + n H2O + n HCl + n COThe products, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) act as primary greenhouse gases which can lead to the greenhouse effect that causes global warming ultimately. Even though polypropylene and polyester is harmful to the environment, the most toxic effect is due to the combustion of polyvinyl chloride since it produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) which is an irritant in the lower and upper respiratory tract that can cause adverse to human beings. Moreover, carbon monoxide (CO) can cause oxygen deficiency in tissues by binding to hemoglobin with 200-250 times higher affinity than the oxygen, which leads to unconsciousness or death by suffocation.The disposal of blister packs as normal waste, will forbid recycling process and eventually accumulate in soil or water, which will result soil and water pollution since bio-degradation processes of compounds like PVC, PP and PET are very slow. As a result, ecologically damaging effects like disturbances of the habitats and movements can be seen. Ingestion by the animals, affect the secretion of gastric enzymes and steroid hormones that can decrease the feeding stimuli and may also cause problems in reproduction. At low pH, aluminum can increase its solubility according to the following equation. As a result, the negative effects of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems can be generated.2Al(s)+ 6H+ → 2Al3+ (aq) + 3H2 (g)In aquatic ecosystems, aluminum ions (Al3+) act as a toxic agent for gill breathing animals like invertebrates and fish by reducing the activity of gill enzymes which can result the reduction of active uptake of ions. In terrestrial systems, the metabolic processes of mammals and birds can be disturbed by digestion of Al compounds. Moreover, aluminum can accumulate in plants and can affect their nutrient uptake. Both invertebrates and plants accumulate Al, which can enter into the terrestrial food chains.By employing proper disposal methods, all manufacturing materials of blister packs like PP, PE, PVC and Al can be recycled and the adverse effects to the environment can be minimized. Even though, the synthesis of these polymers relatively simple, the recycling process can be very complex since the blister packs contain metals and polymers together. As an example synthesis of PVC is a simple process with free radical polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer.n[ CH2=CHCl ] → [ CH2=CHCl ]nThe mechanism of nitroxide (-NOR2) mediated controlled free radical polymerization for PVC is mentioned below as an example of polymer synthesis. Here, the starting material can produce two free radicals due to experimental conditions. Then, by adding vinyl chloride monomers to the growing polymer chain will produce PVC as the product.As the first step of recycling, separation of Al and Polymers using the hydrometallurgical method which uses hydrochloric acid (HCl) can be incorporated. Then PVC can be recycled by using mechanical or chemical methods. The most recent trend is to use biodegradable, eco-friendly “bio plastics” which are also called as biopolymers such as derivatives of starch, cellulose, protein, chitin and xylan for pharmaceutical packaging, to reduce the hostile effects to the environment.".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging thumbnail Blister_Packs.jpeg?width=300.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageID "47818266".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageLength "10585".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageOutDegree "70".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageRevisionID "706044257".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Air_pollution.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Aluminium.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Aquatic_ecosystem.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Aquatic_respiration.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Asphyxia.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Biodegradation.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Biopolymer.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Bird.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Blister_pack.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_monoxide.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Category:Environmental_impact_by_source.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Category:Pharmaceutical_industry.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Cellulose.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Chitin.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Combustion.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Death.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Digestion.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Digestive_enzyme.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Ecology.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Environmentally_friendly.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Fish.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Food_chain.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Global_warming.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Greenhouse_effect.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Greenhouse_gas.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Habitat.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Hemoglobin.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Hydrochloric_acid.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Hydrometallurgy.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Ingestion.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Invertebrate.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Mammal.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Metabolic_pathway.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Metal.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Monomer.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Natural_environment.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Nitroxide_mediated_radical_polymerization.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink PH.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Paper.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Pharmaceutical_packaging.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Plant_nutrition.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Polyester.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Polymer.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Polypropylene.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Polyvinyl_chloride.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Radical_(chemistry).
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Radical_polymerization.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Recycling.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Reproduction.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Respiratory_tract.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Soil.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Soil_contamination.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Solubility.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Starch.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Steroid_hormone.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Stimulus_(physiology).
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Terrestrial_ecosystem.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Toxicity.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Vinyl_chloride.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Water.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Water_pollution.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Wikt:accumulate.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink Xylan.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink File:Blister_Packs.jpeg.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink File:Mechanism_of_nitroxide_mediated_free_radical_polymerization_for_PVC.jpeg.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLink File:The_basic_configuration_of_blister_packaging.jpeg.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageWikiLinkText "Environmental impact of pharmaceutical packaging".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Orphan.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging subject Category:Environmental_impact_by_source.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging subject Category:Pharmaceutical_industry.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging comment "Pharmaceutical packaging industry required $20 billion a year by 2013 and will expect to rise up to $78.79 billion by 2018. Among them, 80% of pills in the world are packed with blister packaging, which is the most convenient type for several reasons. Blister packs have two main components, the “lid” and the “blister” (cavity). Lid is mainly manufactured with aluminum (Al) and paper. The Cavity consists of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET) or aluminum (Al).".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging label "Environmental impact of pharmaceutical packaging".
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging wasDerivedFrom Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging?oldid=706044257.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging depiction Blister_Packs.jpeg.
- Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging isPrimaryTopicOf Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceutical_packaging.