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- Electronegativity abstract "Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it.The term \"electronegativity\" was introduced by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1811,though the concept was known even before that and was studied by many chemists including Avogadro.In spite of its long history, an accurate scale of electronegativity had to wait till 1932, when Linus Pauling proposed an electronegativity scale, which depends on bond energies, as a development of valence bond theory. It has been shown to correlate with a number of other chemical properties. Electronegativity cannot be directly measured and must be calculated from other atomic or molecular properties. Several methods of calculation have been proposed, and although there may be small differences in the numerical values of the electronegativity, all methods show the same periodic trends between elements.The most commonly used method of calculation is that originally proposed by Linus Pauling. This gives a dimensionless quantity, commonly referred to as the Pauling scale, on a relative scale running from around 0.7 to 3.98 (hydrogen = 2.20). When other methods of calculation are used, it is conventional (although not obligatory) to quote the results on a scale that covers the same range of numerical values: this is known as an electronegativity in Pauling units.As it is usually calculated, electronegativity is not a property of an atom alone, but rather a property of an atom in a molecule. Properties of a free atom include ionization energy and electron affinity. It is to be expected that the electronegativity of an element will vary with its chemical environment, but it is usually considered to be a transferable property, that is to say that similar values will be valid in a variety of situations.On the most basic level, electronegativity is determined by factors like the nuclear charge (the more protons an atom has, the more \"pull\" it will have on electrons) and the number/location of other electrons present in the atomic shells (the more electrons an atom has, the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be, and as a result the less positive charge they will experience—both because of their increased distance from the nucleus, and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus).The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity: a measure of an element's ability to donate electrons.Caesium is the least electronegative element in the periodic table (=0.79), while fluorine is most electronegative (=3.98). (Francium and caesium were originally both assigned 0.7; caesium's value was later refined to 0.79, but no experimental data allows a similar refinement for francium. However, francium's ionization energy is known to be slightly higher than caesium's, in accordance with the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital, and this in turn implies that caesium is in fact more electronegative than francium.)".
- Electronegativity thumbnail Electrostatic_Potential.jpg?width=300.
- Electronegativity wikiPageExternalLink www.webelements.com.
- Electronegativity wikiPageExternalLink 6952235798166539784.
- Electronegativity wikiPageID "9707".
- Electronegativity wikiPageLength "29337".
- Electronegativity wikiPageOutDegree "132".
- Electronegativity wikiPageRevisionID "708140857".
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Acid_dissociation_constant.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Acidic_oxide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Alkali_metal.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Aluminium.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Amedeo_Avogadro.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Amphoterism.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Arithmetic_mean.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Atom.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nucleus.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_number.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_orbital.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Basic_oxide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Bismuth.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Bond-dissociation_energy.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Bromine.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Caesium.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Caesium_fluoride.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Calculation.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Canonical_form.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Chemical_bonding.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Chemical_properties.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Category:Dimensionless_numbers_of_chemistry.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_compound.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_element.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_polarity.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_potential.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_property.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chi_(letter).
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chloric_acid.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chlorine.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chlorous_acid.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chromium(III)_oxide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Chromium_trioxide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Covalent_bond.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Covalent_radius.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink D-block_contraction.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Dimensionless_quantity.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Effective_nuclear_charge.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Electron.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Electron_affinity.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Electron_density.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Electron_shell.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page).
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Electronvolt.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Eugene_G._Rochow.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Fluorine.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Francium.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Free-energy_relationship.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Functional_group.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Gallium.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Geometric_mean.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Germanium.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Group_(periodic_table).
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Hammett_equation.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Helium.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Heteronuclear_molecule.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen_bromide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Hypochlorous_acid.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Inductive_effect.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Infrared_spectroscopy.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Ion.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Ionic_bonding.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Ionization_energy.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Joule_per_mole.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Kabachnik_parameter.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Lead.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Linus_Pauling.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Manganese(III)_oxide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Manganese_heptoxide.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink McGraw-Hill_Education.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Melting_point.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Metal.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Molecule.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Mössbauer_spectroscopy.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Neon.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Noble_gas.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_magnetic_resonance.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Organophosphorus_compound.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Oxidation_state.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Oxoacid.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Perchloric_acid.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Period_(periodic_table).
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Period_4_element.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Periodic_table.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Periodic_trends.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Picometre.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Proton.
- Electronegativity wikiPageWikiLink Relativistic_quantum_chemistry.