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- Elaine_race_riot abstract "The Elaine race riot, also called the Elaine massacre, took place on September 30-October 1, 1919 in the vicinity of Elaine in rural Phillips County, Arkansas. With a total of five whites and estimates of at least 100 and possibly hundreds of blacks killed in white rioting in the county, it was the deadliest racial conflict in United States history.Located in the Arkansas Delta, the county had been developed for cotton plantations, worked by African-American slaves. Its population was still overwhelmingly black: African Americans outnumbered whites in the area around Elaine by a ten-to-one ratio, and by three-to-one in the county overall. Descendants of slaves, most blacks worked as sharecroppers. White landowners controlled the economic power, selling cotton on their own schedule, running high-priced plantation stores where farmers had to buy seed and supplies, and failing to itemize their settlement of accounts with sharecroppers. The Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America had organized chapters in the Elaine area in 1918-1919. On October 29, representatives met with about 100 black farmers at a church near Elaine to discuss how to obtain more fair settlements. Whites were resisting resisted any union organizing in the Delta and often spied on or disrupted such meetings; in a confrontation at the church, two whites were shot, one fatally. More violence quickly broke out, with the sheriff calling a posse and whites gathering to put down a rumored \"black insurrection.\" Other whites entered Phillips County, making a mob of 500 to 1000 whites, who roamed in groups attacking blacks on sight. The governor called in 500 federal troops, who arrested nearly 260 blacks and were accused of killing some. The events have been subject to debate, especially the total of black fatalities, as residents were killed through a wide area. Over a three-day period, five white men were killed and an estimated 100-240 blacks, with some estimates of more than 800 blacks killed. The only men prosecuted for these events were 122 African Americans, with 73 charged with murder. Twelve were quickly convicted and sentenced to death by all-white juries for murder of the first white deputy at the church. Others were as rapidly convicted of lesser charges and sentenced to prison. During appeals, the death penalty cases were separated, with six convictions being overturned at the state level (known as Ware et al.) because of technical trial details. These six defendants were quickly retried in 1920 and convicted again, but the state supreme court overturned the verdicts, based on violations of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Civil Rights Law of 1875, due to exclusion of blacks from the juries. The lower courts failed to retry the men within the two years required by Arkansas law, and the defense gained their release in 1923. The six other death penalty cases (known as Moore et al.) ultimately reached the United States Supreme Court. The Court overturned the convictions in the Moore v. Dempsey (1923) ruling. Grounds were the failure of the trial court to provide due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, as the trials had been dominated by adverse publicity and the presence of armed white mobs threatening the jury. This was a critical precedent for the \"Supreme Court's strengthening of the requirements the Due Process Clause imposes on the conduct of state criminal trials.\" The NAACP assisted the defendants in the appeals process, raising money to hire a defense team, which it helped direct. When the cases were remanded to the state court, the six 'Moore' defendants settled with the lower court on lesser charges and were sentenced to time already served. Governor Thomas Chipman McRae freed these six men in 1925 in the closing days of his administration. The NAACP helped them to leave the state in safety.".
- Elaine_race_riot thumbnail AR_elaine_riot.jpg?width=300.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageExternalLink entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1102.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageExternalLink madyun.freeservers.com.
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- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageLength "30329".
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- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageRevisionID "707553934".
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink African_Americans.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink All-white_jury.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink American_Bar_Association.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Arkansas_Baptist_College.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Arkansas_Delta.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Arkansas_Gazette.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Arkansas_Supreme_Court.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Capital_punishment.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:1919_in_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:1919_riots.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_history_by_city.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_history_of_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mass_murder_in_1919.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:Phillips_County,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:Protest-related_deaths.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:Racially_motivated_violence_against_African_Americans.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:Red_Summer_(1919).
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:Riots_and_civil_disorder_in_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Category:White_American_riots_in_the_United_States.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Certiorari.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Hillman_Brough.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Chicago.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Chicago_Daily_News.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Law_of_1875.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Court_of_equity.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Delta_Cultural_Center.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Due_Process_Clause.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Elaine,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Electric_chair.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Fayetteville,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Frank_v._Mangum.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink George_W._Murphy.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Habeas_corpus.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Helena,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Hoop_Spur,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Injunction.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Jim_Crow_laws.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink John_Ellis_Martineau.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Knoxville,_Tennessee.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Ku_Klux_Klan.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Little_Rock,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Lynching.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Memphis,_Tennessee.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Minnesota.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Moore_v._Dempsey.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Moorfield_Storey.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Multiracial.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Omaha,_Nebraska.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Passing_(racial_identity).
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Phillips_County,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Plantations_in_the_American_South.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Poll_tax.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Progressive_Farmers_and_Household_Union_of_America.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Random_House.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Red_Summer_(1919).
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Richard_Wright_(author).
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Robert_L._Hill.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Scipio_Africanus_Jones.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Scottsboro_Boys.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Searcy_County,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Sharecropping.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink The_Chicago_Defender.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink The_Commercial_Appeal.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink The_Crisis.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink The_Nation.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Thomas_Chipman_McRae.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Tom_Jefferson_Terral.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Tulsa,_Oklahoma.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Tulsa_race_riot.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink United_States.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Department_of_Defense.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Postal_Service.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink United_States_district_court.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink University_of_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Walter_Francis_White.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Washington,_D.C..
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink Winchester,_Arkansas.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLink World_War_I.
- Elaine_race_riot wikiPageWikiLinkText "Elaine race riot".
- Elaine_race_riot aka "Elaine Massacre".
- Elaine_race_riot date "1919-09-30".
- Elaine_race_riot deaths "5".
- Elaine_race_riot eventName "Elaine race riot".
- Elaine_race_riot imageCaption "--10-03".
- Elaine_race_riot imageName "AR elaine riot.jpg".