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- Duchy_of_Rome abstract "The Duchy of Rome (Latin: Ducatus Romanus) was a Byzantine district in the Exarchate of Ravenna. Like other Byzantine states in Italy, it was ruled by an imperial functionary with the title dux. These were often in conflict with the Papacy for the supreme power in Rome. Within the exarchate, the two chief districts were the country about Ravenna where the exarch was the centre of Byzantine opposition to the Lombards, and the Duchy of Rome, which embraced the lands of Latium north of the Tiber and of Campania to the south as far as the Garigliano. There the pope himself was the soul of the opposition. Because of his restoration activities, Justinian has sometimes been called the \"last Roman\" in modern historiography. This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct western Roman empire. His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal kingdom in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean (533). Subsequently Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths.The greatest pains were taken, as long as it was at all possible, to retain control of the intervening districts and with them communication over the Apennine mountains. Hence the strategic importance of the Duchy of the Pentapolis (Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Sinigaglia, Ancona) and Perugia. If this strategic connection were broken, it was evident that Rome and Ravenna could not singly maintain themselves for any length of time. This was recognized by the Lombards also. The same narrow strip of land in fact broke the connection between their Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento and the main portion of the king's territories in the north, and it was against this therefore that, from the second decade of the 8th century, they aimed their attacks with ever-increasing energy. In the beginning the popes were able repeatedly to wrest from their hands all that they had gained. In 728 the Lombard King Liutprand took the Castle of Sutri, which dominated the highway at Nepi on the road to Perugia. But Liutprand, softened by the entreaties of Pope Gregory II, restored Sutri \"as a gift to the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul\". This expression of the Liber pontificalis was erroneously interpreted to mean that in this gift the beginning of the States of the Church was to be recognized. This is incorrect inasmuch as the popes continued to acknowledge the imperial Government, and Greek officials appear in Rome for some time longer. It is true, however, that here for the first time the association of ideas on which the States of the Church were to be constructed is met. The pope asked the Lombards for the return of Sutri for the sake of the Princes of the Apostles and threatened punishment by these sainted protectors. The pious Liutprand was undoubtedly susceptible to such pleas, but never to any consideration for the Greeks. For this reason he gave Sutri to Peter and Paul, that he might not expose himself to their punishment. What the pope then did with it would be immaterial to him. The belief that the Roman territory (at first in the more restricted, but afterwards also in the wider sense) was defended by the Prince of the Apostles became more and more prevalent. In 738 the Lombard duke Transamund of Spoleto captured the Castle of Gallese, which protected the road to Perugia to the north of Nepi. By a large payment Pope Gregory III induced the duke to restore the castle to him. The pope then sought by an alliance with Duke Transamund to protect himself against Liutprand. But Liutprand conquered Spoleto, besieged Rome, laid waste the Duchy of Rome, and seized four important frontier fortresses (Blera, Orte, Bomarzo, and Amelia), thereby cutting off the communication with Perugia and Ravenna. In this exigency the pope now (739) for the first time turned to the powerful Frankish kingdom, under the protection of which Boniface had begun his successful labours as a missionary in Germany. He sent to Charles Martel, \"the powerful mayor of the palace\" of the Frankish monarchy and the commander of the Franks in the famous battle at Tours, undoubtedly with the consent of the Greek dux, and appealed to him to protect the tomb of the Apostle. Charles Martel replied to the embassy and acknowledged the gifts, but was unwilling to offer aid against the Lombards, who were helping him against the Saracens. Accordingly, the successor of Gregory III, pope Zachary changed the policy that had been previously followed toward the Lombards. He formed an alliance with Liutprand against Transamund, and received (741) in return the four castles, as the result of a personal visit to the camp of the king at Terni. Liutprand also restored a number of patrimonies that had been seized by the Lombards, and furthermore concluded a twenty years' peace with the Pope. The duchy now had a respite from Lombard attacks. The Lombards fell upon Ravenna, which they had already held from 731 to 735. The Exarch had no other recourse than to seek the aid of the pope. Liutprand did in fact allow himself to be induced by Zachary to surrender the greater part of his conquests. Nor was it unimportant that these districts too once owed their rescue to the pope. Only a short time after Liutprand's death (744) Zachary was successful in further postponing the catastrophe. When Rachis, the next Lombard king, was besieging Perugia (749), Zachary so wrought upon his conscience that the king raised the siege. But as a result of this Rachis was overthrown, and Aistulf, who was put into his place, at once showed by his acts that no consideration could halt him in his course.".
- Duchy_of_Rome capital Rome.
- Duchy_of_Rome thumbnail ByzantineEmpire717+extrainfo+themes.svg?width=300.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageExternalLink liberpontificalis.html.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageID "6973942".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageLength "8852".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageOutDegree "59".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageRevisionID "705863025".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Aistulf.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Amelia,_Umbria.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Atlantic_Ocean.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Bari.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Belisarius.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Blera.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Bomarzo.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Byzantine_Empire.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Category:533_establishments_in_Europe.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Category:751_disestablishments_in_Europe.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Category:Exarchate_of_Ravenna.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_Lazio.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Category:Medieval_Italy.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Category:Provinces_of_the_Byzantine_Empire.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Martel.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Ciociaria.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Dalmatia.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Dux.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Exarchate_of_Ravenna.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Gallese.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Garigliano.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Italian_Peninsula.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Justinian_I.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Last_of_the_Romans.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Laterza.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Latium.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Lazio.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Liber_Pontificalis.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Lombards.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Narses.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Nepi.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Orte.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Ostrogothic_Kingdom.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Papal_States.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Perugia.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Pope.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Pope_Gregory_III.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Pope_Zachary.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Primacy_of_Simon_Peter.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Rachis.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Ravenna.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Rome.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Saint_Boniface.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Sicily.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Sutri.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Terni.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Theme_(Byzantine_district).
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Tiber.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Toto_of_Nepi.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Vandals.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink Western_Roman_Empire.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLink File:ByzantineEmpire717+extrainfo+themes.svg.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "''dux'' of Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "Duchies of Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "Duchy of Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "Roman duchy".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "Roman territory".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rome, Duchy of".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "ducatus Romanus".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "duchy of Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageWikiLinkText "dux of Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome capital Rome.
- Duchy_of_Rome commonName "Duchy of Rome".
- Duchy_of_Rome continent "Europe".
- Duchy_of_Rome eventEnd "Establishment of the Papal States.".
- Duchy_of_Rome eventStart "Conquest by the Emperor Justinian I.".
- Duchy_of_Rome nation "the Byzantine Empire".
- Duchy_of_Rome p "Ostrogothic Kingdom".
- Duchy_of_Rome s "Papal States".
- Duchy_of_Rome subdivision Theme_(Byzantine_district).
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Aut.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:CathEncy.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Flag.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Fr_icon.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Infobox_Former_Subdivision.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:It_icon.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:La_icon.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Lang-la.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:VAT.
- Duchy_of_Rome wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Vatican_City_topics.
- Duchy_of_Rome yearEnd "751".
- Duchy_of_Rome yearStart "533".
- Duchy_of_Rome subject Category:533_establishments_in_Europe.
- Duchy_of_Rome subject Category:751_disestablishments_in_Europe.
- Duchy_of_Rome subject Category:Exarchate_of_Ravenna.
- Duchy_of_Rome subject Category:History_of_Lazio.
- Duchy_of_Rome subject Category:Medieval_Italy.
- Duchy_of_Rome subject Category:Provinces_of_the_Byzantine_Empire.