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- Ctenophora abstract "Ctenophora (/tɨˈnɒfərə/; singular ctenophore, /ˈtɛnəfɔr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔr/; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the ‘combs’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia. Adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep. Some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration. Increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla.Ctenophores also resemble cnidarians in having a decentralized nerve net rather than a brain. Genomic studies have suggested that the neurons of Ctenophora, which differ in many ways from other animal neurons, evolved independently from those of the other animals.Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only 100–150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named. The textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has a wide range of body forms, including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth. These variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use.Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow. The exceptions are the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles, and the platyctenids, whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size, but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate.Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton (planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains. One ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish. The situation was aggravated by other factors, such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the Mnemiopsis population. The later accidental introduction of Beroe helped to mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys on other ctenophores.Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view at present, based on molecular phylogenetics, is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores. It appears also porifera is more related to cnidarians and bilaterians, leaving ctenophores as the basal animal clade. A recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like, and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently, probably after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the \"cydippids\" are not monophyletic, in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids.".
- Ctenophora domain Eukaryote.
- Ctenophora kingdom Animal.
- Ctenophora kingdom Eumetazoa.
- Ctenophora phylum Radiata.
- Ctenophora thumbnail Haeckel_Ctenophorae.jpg?width=300.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink jellyfish-and-comb-jellies.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink in-search-of-the-first-animals.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink jelly.htm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink 14.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink 080305144221.htm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink index.htm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageExternalLink watch?v=xrZqCPGT66E.
- Ctenophora wikiPageID "62251".
- Ctenophora wikiPageLength "81099".
- Ctenophora wikiPageOutDegree "322".
- Ctenophora wikiPageRevisionID "701816867".
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Amphipoda.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Anatomical_terms_of_location.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Animal.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Anus.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Ballast_tank.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Baltic_Sea.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Basement_membrane.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Bathocyroe.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Bathyctena_chuni.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Beroe_(ctenophore).
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Beroe_ovata.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Bilateria.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Bioluminescence.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Black_Sea.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Bolas_spider.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Bolinopsis.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Brain.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Buoyancy.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Burgess_Shale.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cambojiida.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cambrian.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Caspian_Sea.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Category:Animal_phyla.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Category:Articles_containing_video_clips.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Category:Bioluminescent_organisms.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cambrian_Series_2_first_appearances.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Category:Ctenophores.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Category:Extant_Cambrian_first_appearances.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cell_(biology).
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Central_nervous_system.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cestida.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Chum_salmon.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cilium.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Circulatory_system.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Class_(biology).
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cloning.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cnidaria.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cnidocyte.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Coelenterata.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Colloblast.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Concentration.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Copepod.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Correlation_and_dependence.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Crustacean.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Crustacean_larvae.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cryptolobiferida.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Cydippida.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Devonian.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Diffraction.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Diploblasty.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Ecological_niche.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Ediacaran.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Ediacaran_biota.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Enzyme.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Eoandromeda.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Epidermis_(zoology).
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Epithelium.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Ernst_Haeckel.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Eukaryote.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Eumetazoa.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Euplokamis.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Euplokamis_stationis.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Eurhamphaea_vexilligera.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Eutrophication.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink External_fertilization.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Family_(biology).
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Filter_feeder.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Flatworm.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Food_chain.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Fossil.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Frond.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Ganeshida.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Gastrodermis.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Genus.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Geologic_time_scale.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Germ_cell.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Gonad.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Greek_language.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Haeckelia.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Haeckeliidae.
- Ctenophora wikiPageWikiLink Hermaphrodite.