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- Countershading abstract "Countershading, or Thayer's Law, is a form of camouflage. Countershading is the pattern of animal coloration in which an animal’s pigmentation is darker on the upper side and lighter on the underside of the body. This pattern is found in many species of mammals, reptiles, birds, and fish, and has existed since at least the Cretaceous period.When light falls on a uniformly coloured object such as a sphere from above, it makes the upper side appear lighter and the underside darker, grading from one to the other. This pattern of light and shade makes the object appear solid, and therefore acts as a visual cue which makes the object easier to detect. Countershading reduces the ease of detection of predators and prey by counterbalancing the effects of self-shadowing, again typically with grading from dark to light. In theory this could be useful for military camouflage, but in practice it has rarely been applied, despite the best efforts of the artist Abbott Handerson Thayer and zoologists such as Hugh Cott.The precise function of various patterns of animal coloration has been debated by zoologists such as Hannah Rowland (2009), with the suggestion that there may be multiple functions including flattening and background matching when viewed from the side; background matching when viewed from above or below, implying separate colour schemes for the top and bottom surfaces; outline obliteration from above; and a variety of largely untested non-camouflage theories. A related mechanism, counter-illumination, adds the creation of light by bioluminescence or lamps to match the actual brightness of a background. Counter-illumination camouflage is common in marine organisms such as squid. It has been studied up to the prototype stage for military use in ships and aircraft, but it too has rarely or never been used in warfare.The reverse of countershading, with the belly pigmented darker than the back, enhances contrast and so makes animals more conspicuous. It is found in animals that can defend themselves, such as skunks. The pattern is used both in startle or deimatic displays and as a signal to warn off experienced predators. However, animals that habitually live upside-down but lack strong defences, like the Nile catfish and the luna moth caterpillar, have upside-down countershading for camouflage.".
- Countershading thumbnail Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg?width=300.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA1173.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink c23.pdf.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink patents?id=0aOUAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA2.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink camouflage.html.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink mammals5.htm.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink COUNTERSHADINGCLASS10.pdf.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink 668011.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink 40485817.pdf.
- Countershading wikiPageExternalLink Jones_Nishiguchi_2004_Biol.pdf.
- Countershading wikiPageID "5729336".
- Countershading wikiPageLength "34275".
- Countershading wikiPageOutDegree "135".
- Countershading wikiPageRevisionID "701740064".
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Abbott_Handerson_Thayer.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Actias_luna.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Adélie_penguin.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Agouti_gene.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Agouti_signalling_peptide.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Alfred_Russel_Wallace.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Anatomical_terms_of_location.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Animal_coloration.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Apatura_iris.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Aposematism.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Atlantic_mackerel.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Automeris_io.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Bioluminescence.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Blue_shark.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Brimstone_moth.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Bushbuck.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Camouflage.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Carolina_anole.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Category:Antipredator_adaptations.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Category:Camouflage.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Category:Deception.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Chital.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Cobia.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Counter-illumination.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Cretaceous.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Crypsis.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Dazzle_camouflage.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Deer.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Deimatic_behaviour.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Dolphin.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Eastern_gray_squirrel.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Edward_Bagnall_Poulton.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Embryo.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Embryology.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink England.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Evolution.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Evolutionary_developmental_biology.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink File:Countershaded_Rail-mounted_Gun_Camouflaged_by_Hugh_Cott_1940.jpg.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink File:Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Fossil.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Frank_Evers_Beddard.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Garden_warbler.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Gene.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Genetics.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Glaucus_atlanticus.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Graeme_Ruxton.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Gray_squirrel.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Herring.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Honey_badger.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink House_mouse.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Hugh_B._Cott.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink John_Graham_Kerr.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Leatherback_sea_turtle.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Mackerel.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Marine_Biology_(journal).
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Marlin.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Melanin.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Melanocortin_1_receptor.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Melanocyte.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Military_camouflage.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Mosasaur.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink New_Hampshire.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Nile_catfish.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Norman_Wilkinson_(artist).
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Patterns_in_nature.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Pelagic_zone.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Penguin.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Peppered_moth.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Phylum.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Predation.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Pupa.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Ruminant.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Shark.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Short-beaked_common_dolphin.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Signalling_theory.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Skunk.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Smerinthus_ocellatus.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Sphere.
- Countershading wikiPageWikiLink Squid.