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- Cortical_dysplasia abstract "Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a congenital abnormality of brain development where the neurons in an area of the brain failed to migrate in the proper formation in utero. Focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of intractable epilepsy in children and is a frequent cause of epilepsy in adults. There are several subtypes of FCD including type 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c, each with distinct histopathological features. All forms of focal cortical dysplasia lead to disorganization of the normal structure of the cerebral cortex.Type 1 FCD exhibits subtle alterations in cortical lamination. Type 2a FCD exhibits neurons that are larger than normal that are called cytomegalic dysmorphic neurons (CDN). FCD type 2b exhibits complete loss of laminar structure, and the presence of CDN and enlarged cells are called balloon cells (BC) for their large elliptical cell body shape, laterally displaced nucleus, and lack of dendrites or axons. The developmental origin of balloon cells is currently believed to be derived from neuronal or glial progenitor cells. Balloon cells are similar in structure to giant cells in the disorder tuberous sclerosis complex. Recent studies have demonstrated that FCD types 2a and 2b result from somatic mutations in genes that encode components of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Causative gene mutations for types 1 and 3 have not been identified. The mTOR pathway regulates a number of functions in the brain including establishment of cell size, cell motility, and differentiation. Gene mutations associated with FCD2a and FCD 2b include MTOR, PI3KCA, AKT3, and DEPDC5. Mutations in these genes lead to enhanced mTOR pathway signaling at critical periods in brain development. Some recent evidence may suggest a role for in utero infection with certain viruses such as cytomegalovirus and human papilloma virus [3].Seizures in FCD are likely causes by abnormal circuitry induced by the presence of CDNs and BCs. These abnormal cell types generate abnormal electrical signals which spread out to affect other parts of the cerebral cortex. Medication is used to treat the seizures that may arise due to cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy surgery to remove areas of FCD is a viable treatment option for appropriate candidates.".
- Cortical_dysplasia icd10 "Q04.6".
- Cortical_dysplasia icd9 "742.4".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageID "730907".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageLength "4700".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageOutDegree "12".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageRevisionID "706289413".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Axon.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Category:Histopathology.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Congenital_disorder.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Dendrite.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Educational_therapy.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Gray_matter_heterotopia.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Hemispherectomy.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Intractable_epilepsy.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Mechanistic_target_of_rapamycin.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Neuron.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Physical_therapy.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLink Tuberous_sclerosis.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLinkText "Cortical dysplasia".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageWikiLinkText "cortical dysplasia".
- Cortical_dysplasia icd "742.4".
- Cortical_dysplasia icd "Q04.6".
- Cortical_dysplasia name "Cortical dysplasia".
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Infobox_disease.
- Cortical_dysplasia wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Cortical_dysplasia subject Category:Histopathology.
- Cortical_dysplasia hypernym Abnormality.
- Cortical_dysplasia type Disease.
- Cortical_dysplasia type Thing.
- Cortical_dysplasia type Q12136.
- Cortical_dysplasia comment "Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a congenital abnormality of brain development where the neurons in an area of the brain failed to migrate in the proper formation in utero. Focal cortical dysplasia is a common cause of intractable epilepsy in children and is a frequent cause of epilepsy in adults. There are several subtypes of FCD including type 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c, each with distinct histopathological features.".
- Cortical_dysplasia label "Cortical dysplasia".
- Cortical_dysplasia sameAs Q1316942.
- Cortical_dysplasia sameAs Fokale_kortikale_Dysplasie.
- Cortical_dysplasia sameAs Displasia_corticale.
- Cortical_dysplasia sameAs Ogniskowa_dysplazja_korowa.
- Cortical_dysplasia sameAs m.036gmb.
- Cortical_dysplasia sameAs Q1316942.
- Cortical_dysplasia wasDerivedFrom Cortical_dysplasia?oldid=706289413.
- Cortical_dysplasia isPrimaryTopicOf Cortical_dysplasia.
- Cortical_dysplasia name "Cortical dysplasia".