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- Condenser_(laboratory) abstract "A condenser is an apparatus or item of equipment used to condense (change the physical state of) a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state. In the laboratory, condensers are generally used in procedures done with organic liquids brought into gaseous state through heating with or without lowering the pressure (applying vacuum)—though applications in inorganic and other chemistry areas exist. While condensers can be applied at various scales, in the research, training, or discovery laboratory, one most often uses glassware designed to pass a vapor flow over an adjacent cooled chamber. In simplest form, such a condenser consists of a single glass tube with outside air providing cooling. A further simple form, the Liebig-type of condenser, involves concentric glass tubes, an inner one through which the hot gases pass, and an outer, \"ported\" chamber through which a cooling fluid passes, to reduce the gas temperature in the inner, to afford the condensation.Depending on the application (chemical components being separated, and the required operating temperature) and the scale of the process (from very few microliters to process scales involving many liters), different types of condensers and means of cooling are used. Alongside the temperature differential and heat capacities of the cooling fluids (e.g., air, water, aqueous-organic co-solvents), the size of the cooling surface and the way in which gas (vapor) and condensing liquid states come into contact are critical in the choice or design of a condenser system. Since at least the 19th century, scientists have sought creative designs to maximize the surface area of vapor-liquid contact and heat exchange. Many types of laboratory condensers—simpler Liebig and Allihn, coiled Graham types, simple and Dimroth types of cold finger condensers, etc.—now common, have evolved to meet the practical need of larger cooling surfaces and controlled boiling and condensation in various procedures involving distillation, and a further very wide array of materials for \"packing\" simpler condensers to increase surface area (e.g., plass, ceramic, and metal beads, rings, wool, etc.) have been studied and applied.Likewise, the configurations of laboratory apparatus involving condensers are many and varied, to cover low and high boiling solvents, simple and complex separations, etc. Several common process types based on the change of physical state provided by condensers can easily be described, including simple evaporations or \"solvent stripping\" (the bulk removal of all volatiles to leave behind concentrated solutes present in the original solution being evaporated), reflux operations (where the aim is to contain all volatiles while providing a constant process temperature established by the boiling point of the solvent system being used), and separation/distillation operations (where high theoretical plates provide for selective delivery of one or more volatile components of a complex \"mixture\" in a controlled fashion). The direction of vapor and condensate flows in the laboratory condenser chosen for each of these may vary (e.g., being countercurrent in reflux procedures, and concurrent in many simple distillation procedures), as do the optimal flow direction for the cooling fluid, etc. In all processes, condenser selection/design requires that the heat of entering vapor never overwhelm the condenser and cooling mechanism; as well, the thermal gradients and material flows established during the gas-liquid transition are critical aspects, so that as processes increase in scale from laboratory to pilot plant and beyond, the design of condenser systems becomes a precise engineering science.".
- Condenser_(laboratory) thumbnail Liebig_condenser_simple_aqua_coolant.png?width=300.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageExternalLink books?id=2eQPAQAAMAAJ.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageExternalLink books?isbn=1483146286.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageExternalLink books?isbn=3527322922.
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- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageLength "36602".
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- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageRevisionID "703907371".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Acetone.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Alchemy.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Antifreeze.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Argon.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Boiling_point.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Laboratory_glassware.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_engineering.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Cold_finger.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Condensation.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Condenser_(heat_transfer).
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Condenser_(laboratory).
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Countercurrent_exchange.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Desiccant.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Dichloromethane.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Diethyl_ether.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Dimethyl_ether.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Distillation.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Dixon_rings.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Dry_ice.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Drying_tube.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink ETH_Zurich.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Equation_of_state.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Ethanol.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Extraction_solvent.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Felix_Richard_Allihn.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Fenske_rings.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Florence_flask.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Fractional_distillation.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Fractionating_column.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Fritz_Walter_Paul_Friedrichs.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Glass_tube.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Glassblowing.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Ground_glass_joint.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Heat_capacity.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Heat_transfer.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Hempel_column.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Henri_Vigreux.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Inconel.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Johann_Friedrich_August_Göttling.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Justus_von_Liebig.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Kuderna-Danish.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Laboratory.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Laboratory_glassware.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Lessing_rings.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Liquid_chromatography–mass_spectrometry.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Manifold.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Nichrome.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Nitrogen.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_magnetic_resonance.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Organic_chemistry.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Otto_Dimroth.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Pharmacist.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Phase_transition.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Podbielniak_column.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Polytetrafluoroethylene.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Raschig_ring.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Reflux.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Refrigeration.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Retort.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Rotary_evaporator.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Scale_(chemistry).
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Silicone_grease.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Stedman_column.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Sublimation_(phase_transition).
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Theoretical_plate.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Todd_column.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Vacuum.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Vacuum_distillation.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Vacuum_pump.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Volatility_(chemistry).
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink Water_jacket.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink File:LiebigCondenser.jpg.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLink File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Air condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Air-cooled types".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Allihn condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Allihn_condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Dimroth condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Graham condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Liebig condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Vigreux column".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser (laboratory)#Vigreux condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condenser_(laboratory)#Graham_condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Condensers".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Dimroth condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Friedrichs condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Graham condenser".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Liebig".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Vigreux column".
- Condenser_(laboratory) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Vigreux condenser".