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- Combustion abstract "Combustion /kəmˈbʌs.tʃən/ or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion in a fire produces a flame, and the heat produced can make combustion self-sustaining. Combustion is often a complicated sequence of elementary radical reactions. Solid fuels, such as wood, first undergo endothermic pyrolysis to produce gaseous fuels whose combustion then supplies the heat required to produce more of them. Combustion is often hot enough that light in the form of either glowing or a flame is produced. A simple example can be seen in the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen into water vapor, a reaction commonly used to fuel rocket engines. This reaction releases 242 kJ/mol of heat and reduces the enthalpy accordingly (at constant temperature and pressure):2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)Combustion of an organic fuel in air is always exothermic because the double bond in O2 is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds, and therefore the formation of the stronger bonds in the combustion products CO2 and H2O results in the release of energy. The bond energies in the fuel play only a minor role, since they are similar to those in the combustion products; e.g., the sum of the bond energies of CH4 is nearly the same as that of CO2. The heat of combustion is approximately -418 kJ per mole of O2 used up in the combustion reaction, and can be estimated from the elemental composition of the fuel.Uncatalyzed combustion in air requires fairly high temperatures. Complete combustion is stoichiometric with respect to the fuel, where there is no remaining fuel, and ideally, no remaining oxidant. Thermodynamically, the chemical equilibrium of combustion in air is overwhelmingly on the side of the products. However, complete combustion is almost impossible to achieve, since the chemical equilibrium is not necessarily reached, or may contain unburnt products such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and even carbon (soot or ash). Thus, the produced smoke is usually toxic and contains unburned or partially oxidized products. Any combustion at high temperatures in atmospheric air, which is 78 percent nitrogen, will also create small amounts of several nitrogen oxides, commonly referred to as NOx, since the combustion of nitrogen is thermodynamically favored at high, but not low temperatures. Since combustion is rarely clean, flue gas cleaning or catalytic converters may be required by law.Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons or more complicated mixtures such as wood that contains partially oxidized hydrocarbons. The thermal energy produced from combustion of either fossil fuels such as coal or oil, or from renewable fuels such as firewood, is harvested for diverse uses such as cooking, production of electricity or industrial or domestic heating. Combustion is also currently the only reaction used to power rockets. Combustion is also used to destroy (incinerate) waste, both nonhazardous and hazardous.Oxidants for combustion have high oxidation potential and include atmospheric or pure oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, chlorine trifluoride, nitrous oxide and nitric acid. For instance, hydrogen burns in chlorine to form hydrogen chloride with the liberation of heat and light characteristic of combustion. Although usually not catalyzed, combustion can be catalyzed by platinum or vanadium, as in the contact process.".
- Combustion thumbnail Et_baal.jpg?width=300.
- Combustion wikiPageExternalLink index.php.
- Combustion wikiPageExternalLink productCd-3527324496.html.
- Combustion wikiPageExternalLink )..
- Combustion wikiPageID "5638".
- Combustion wikiPageLength "42270".
- Combustion wikiPageOutDegree "211".
- Combustion wikiPageRevisionID "708195387".
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Acetaldehyde.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Adiabatic_flame_temperature.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Adiabatic_process.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Air–fuel_ratio.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Atmosphere.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Atmosphere_of_Earth.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Autoignition_temperature.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Boiler.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Bond_energy.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Bonfire.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Bunsen_burner.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Buoyancy.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink CRC_Press.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Campfire.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Candle.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Carbon.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_monoxide.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Carburizing.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Catalysis.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Catalytic_converter.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Category:Combustion.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Cellulose.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Charring.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_equation.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_equilibrium.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_looping_combustion.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Chlorine.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Chlorine_trifluoride.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Coal.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Contact_process.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Cooking.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Cotton.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Deflagration.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Detonation.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Diesel_engine.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Diesel_exhaust_fluid.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Disproportionation.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Dry_distillation.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Dust.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Electricity.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Elementary_reaction.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Emission_standard.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Endothermic_process.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Engine_knocking.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Engineer.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Enthalpy.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Environmental_law.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Ethanol.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Exhaust_gas.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Exothermic_process.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Explosion.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink External_combustion_engine.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Fire.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Fire_point.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Firefighter.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Firewood.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink First_law_of_thermodynamics.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Flame.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Flash_point.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Flue_gas.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Fluorine.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Forbidden_mechanism.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Fossil_fuel.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Fuel.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Fuel_efficiency.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Furnace.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Gas_turbine.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink HVAC.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Heat.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Heat_capacity.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Heat_of_combustion.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Heat_treating.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Humus.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Hydrocarbon.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen_chloride.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Hydroperoxyl.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Hydroxyl_radical.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Incineration.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Internal_combustion_engine.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink International_Flame_Research_Foundation.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink International_Space_Station.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Iron(III)_oxide.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Light.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Lightning.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink List_of_light_sources.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Markstein_number.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Mass_balance.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Methane.
- Combustion wikiPageWikiLink Micro-combustion.