Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Birmingham_campaign> ?p ?o }
- Birmingham_campaign abstract "The Birmingham campaign, or 1963 Birmingham movement, was a movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws.In the early 1960s, Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States, both as enforced by law and culturally. Black citizens faced legal and economic disparities, and violent retribution when they attempted to draw attention to their problems. Martin Luther King called it the most segregated city in the country. Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott led by Shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races, and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, schools, and stores. When local business and governmental leaders resisted the boycott, SCLC agreed to assist. Organizer Wyatt Tee Walker joined Birmingham activist Shuttlesworth and began what they called Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests.When the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, James Bevel, SCLC's Director of Direct Action, thought of the idea of having students become the main demonstrators in the Birmingham campaign. He then trained and directed high school, college, and elementary school students in nonviolence, and asked them to participate in the demonstrations by taking a peaceful walk fifty at a time from the 16th Street Baptist Church to City Hall in order to talk to the mayor about segregation. This resulted in over a thousand arrests, and, as the jails and holding areas filled with arrested students, the Birmingham Police Department, led by Eugene \"Bull\" Connor, used high-pressure water hoses and police attack dogs on the children and adult bystanders. Not all of the bystanders were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of SCLC to hold a completely nonviolent walk, but the students held to the nonviolent premise. King and the SCLC drew both criticism and praise for allowing children to participate and put themselves in harm's way.The Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and, through the media, drew the world's attention to racial segregation in the South. It burnished King's reputation, ousted Connor from his job, forced desegregation in Birmingham, and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services throughout the United States.".
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageExternalLink 1963bham.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageExternalLink Birmingham.html.
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- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink 16th_Street_Baptist_Church.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink 16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink 1967_Detroit_riot.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink 2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink A._G._Gaston.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink AFL–CIO.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Above_the_fold.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Adam_Fairclough.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954–68).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink African_Americans.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Al_Hibbler.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Alabama_National_Guard.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Albany,_Georgia.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Albany_Movement.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Albert_Boutwell.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Apartheid.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Art_Hanes.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Associated_Press.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Attack_dog.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Bail.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Baldwin–Kennedy_meeting.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Bantam_Books.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Barbara_Deming.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Bill_Hudson_(photographer).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Birmingham,_Alabama.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Birmingham_Police_Department.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Blue-collar_worker.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Boycott.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Browder_v._Gayle.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Bull_Connor.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Burke_Marshall.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink CBS_News.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Carry_Me_Home:_Birmingham,_Alabama,_the_Climactic_Battle_of_the_Civil_Rights_Revolution.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:1963_in_Alabama.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:1963_in_American_politics.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954–68).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_history_of_Alabama.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:Civil_rights_protests_in_the_United_States.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:Conflicts_in_1963.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_African-American_civil_rights.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_Birmingham,_Alabama.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr..
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Category:Protest_marches.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Catholic_Church.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Ceasefire.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Chamber_of_commerce.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Moore_(photographer).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Address.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Coretta_Scott_King.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Dan_Rather.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink David_Garrow.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink David_Vann_(mayor).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Desegregation.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Diane_McWhorter.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Dick_Gregory.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Direct_action.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Dorothy_Cotton.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Episcopal_Church_(United_States).
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink F._W._Woolworth_Company.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Fannie_Flagg.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink File:Birmingham_campaign_dogs.jpg.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink File:Birmingham_campaign_water_hoses.jpg.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink File:Bomb_wreckage_near_Gaston_Motel_(14_May_1963).JPG.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Filibuster.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Fire_hose.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Benning.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Fred_Shuttlesworth.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Freedom_Riders.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink George_Wallace.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink German_Shepherd.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Good_Friday.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Huntley-Brinkley_Report.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink I_Have_a_Dream.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Injunction.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Jackson,_Mississippi.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Jacob_K._Javits.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink James_Baldwin.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink James_Bevel.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Jim_Crow_laws.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Joan_Baez.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink John_F._Kennedy.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink John_Sherman_Cooper.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Kelly_Ingram_Park.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Ku_Klux_Klan.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Lawsuit.
- Birmingham_campaign wikiPageWikiLink Layoff.