Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Bal_maiden> ?p ?o }
- Bal_maiden abstract "A bal maiden, from the Cornish language bal, a mine and the English maiden, a young or unmarried woman, was a female manual labourer working in the mining industries of Cornwall and the bordering areas of western Devon, at the south-western extremity of Great Britain. The term has been in use since at least the early 18th century. At least 55,000 women and girls worked as bal maidens, and the actual number is likely to have been much higher.While women worked in coal mines elsewhere in Britain either on the surface or underground, bal maidens worked only on the surface. It is likely that Cornish women had worked in metal mining since antiquity, but the first records of female mine workers date from the 13th century. After the Black Death in the 14th century, mining declined, and no records of female workers have been found from then until the late 17th century. Industrial improvements, the end of Crown control of metal mines, and rising demand for raw materials caused a boom in Cornish mining in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Increasing numbers of women and girls were recruited to the mines from about 1720, processing ore sent up by the male miners underground. The discovery of cheaper sources of copper in North Wales in the 1770s triggered a crash in the copper price, and many mines closed.As the Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Welsh metal mines declined and mining in Cornwall and Devon became viable once more. Women and girls were recruited in large numbers for work in ore processing. Women and children accounted for up to half the workers in the area's copper mines. Although machinery was capable of performing much of the work done by bal maidens, the industry grew so quickly that the number of women and girls working grew steadily even though their numbers fell as a proportion of the workforce to 15–20% by 1850. At the peak of the Cornish mining boom, in around 1860, at least 6000 bal maidens were working at the region's mines; the actual number is likely to have been much higher. While it was not unusual for girls to become bal maidens at the age of six and to work into old age, they generally began at around age 10 or 11 and left work once they married.From the 1860s Cornish mines faced competition from cheap metal imports, and legislation introduced in the 1870s limited the use of child labour. The Cornish mining system went into terminal decline, leading to a collapse of the local economy and mass emigration both overseas and to other parts of the United Kingdom. In 1891 the number of bal maidens had fallen to half its peak, and by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 very few remained in employment. In 1921 Dolcoath mine, the last employer of bal maidens, ceased operations, bringing the tradition to an end. Other than women recruited for ore processing at Geevor as a result of labour shortages during the Second World War, and a very limited number of female workers after the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 banned the practice of recruiting only male mineworkers, women never again performed manual labour in Cornish mines. The last surviving bal maiden died in 1968, and with the closure of South Crofty tin mine in 1998 Cornish metals mining came to an end.".
- Bal_maiden thumbnail Bal_maidens_at_Dolcoath,_1890_(full_length).jpg?width=300.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageExternalLink www.balmaiden.co.uk.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageID "17741660".
- Bal_maiden wikiPageLength "61279".
- Bal_maiden wikiPageOutDegree "195".
- Bal_maiden wikiPageRevisionID "671288975".
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink A._K._Hamilton_Jenkin.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Amenorrhoea.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink American_Civil_War.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Greece.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Anglesey.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Antimony.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Arsenic.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Artemisia_vulgaris.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Assay.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Balleswidden.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Barley.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Bere_Alston.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Birmingham.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Black_Death.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Bodmin_Moor.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Bone_ash.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Bronchitis.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Bronze.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Bronze_Age_Europe.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Calendar_of_saints.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Calstock.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Camborne.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Cassiterides.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Category:Copper_mining.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Category:Industrial_roles_assigned_to_women.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mining_in_Cornwall.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mining_in_Devon.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Category:Tin_mining.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Category:Women_in_England.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Foster_Barham.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Chewidden_Thursday.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Clement_Clerke.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Cnut_the_Great.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Common_land.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Copper.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Cornish_diaspora.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Cornish_language.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Cornwall.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Crop_rotation.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Crusher.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Dartmoor_tin-mining.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Devon.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Devon_Great_Consols.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Ding_Dong_mines.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Division_of_labour.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Dolcoath_mine.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Domesday_Book.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Domestic_worker.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Edward_the_Confessor.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink European_Potato_Failure.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Factory_Acts.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Farmworker.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink File:Bal_maidens_at_Dolcoath,_1890_(full_length).jpg.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink File:Miners_and_bal_maidens_at_Dolcoath,_1890.jpg.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink File:SpallingLge_cropped.jpg.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Flax.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Flux_(metallurgy).
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Fowey_Consols_mine.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Geevor_Tin_Mine.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Geology_of_Cornwall.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink George_Francis_Lyon.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink George_Henwood.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Gloucestershire.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Gook_(headgear).
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Great_Rock_Mine.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Gwennap.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Hemp.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Hessian_fabric.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink History_of_Cornwall.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Horse_mill.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Housewife.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Iberian_Peninsula.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Inclosure_Acts.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Industrial_Revolution.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Iron.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Kaolinite.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Kea,_Cornwall.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Kingdom_of_England.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Lancashire.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Lead.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Liberal_Party_(UK).
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Ludgvan.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Manganese.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Marazion.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Mentha_pulegium.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Metalliferous_Mines_Regulation_Act_1872.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Middle_Ages.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Middlesex.
- Bal_maiden wikiPageWikiLink Mineral_processing.