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- 1340s abstract "The 1340s were a Julian calendar decade in the 14th century, in the midst of a period in world history often referred to as the Late Middle Ages in the Old World and the pre-Columbian era in the New World.In Asia, the successors of the old Mongol Empire were in a state of gradual decline. The Ilkhanate had already fragmented into several political territories and factions struggling to place their puppet leaders over the shell of an old state; the Chagatai Khanate was undermined by religious unrest and fell to rebellion. The Black Plague swept through the Kipchak Khanate in 1346, and also affected the Genoese colonies under Mongol siege, thence spreading into Europe. The Yuan dynasty in China was struck by a series of disasters, including frequent flooding, widespread banditry, urban fire, declining grain, increased civil unrest and local rebellion - the seeds of resistance that would lead to its downfall. Southeast Asia remained free from Mongol power, with several small kingdoms struggling for survival.In Europe, the decade continued the period of gradual economic decline, often mistitled the \"depression\" of the 1340s. This followed the end of the Medieval Warm Period and the start of the Little Ice Age in the 1300s, and affected most of Western Europe, with the exception of a few Italian city-states. The state increasingly interfered in the social and economic life of the decade, while Europe entered a period which saw almost continuous war for the next century. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between France and England continued, and Edward III of England led an invasion resulting in notable victories at the Battles of Sluys and Crécy in 1340 and 1346 respectively. The medieval crusading spirit continued in Spain, with a Castilian victory at the Battle of Río Salado and the recommencement of the Reconquista in 1340; and in the Baltic, with King Magnus II of Sweden's Northern Crusades against Novgorod in 1347–1348. In the east, the Byzantine Empire, then under the Palaiologoi, saw the start of the disastrous Byzantine civil war of 1341–47. Meanwhile, a crisis of confidence in the Florentine banks caused many of them to collapse between 1341 and 1346. The Black Plague which struck Europe in 1348 wiped out a full third of the population by the end of the decade.In Africa, the two great empires were the Christian Ethiopian Empire in the east and the Muslim Mali Empire in the west. Amda Seyon I, who had brought Ethiopia to its height, was succeeded in 1344 by Newaya Krestos, who continued to foster trade in East Africa. Mansa Suleyman assumed office in the Mali Empire in 1341, and similarly took steep measures to reform Mali's finances. Songhai, which had emerged in this decade, was conquered by Mali for the time being.In the Americas, cities of the Mississippian culture such as Cahokia, Kincaid and Moundville went into an accelerated state of decline in this decade. Factors such as depletion of resources, climatic change, war, disease, social unrest and declining political and economic power have been suggested, although the sites were not fully abandoned until the 15th century. Central America saw the decayed Maya civilization ruled from their capital Mayapan in the Yucatán Peninsula, while the Mexicas from their capital city of Tenochtitlan were on the rise.This is a list of events occurring in the 1340s, ordered by year.=== 1340 === January 26 – King Edward III of England is declared King of France. April 8 – The Marinid galleys under the command of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi rout the Castellan fleet off the coast of Algeciras. June 7 – Rotterdam is officially declared a city. June 24 The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the England and France. The former is under the command of Edward III of England and the latter under that of Admiral Hugues Quiéret and treasurer Nicolas Béhuchet assisted by Genoese mercenary galleys under Egidio Bocanegra. The French fleet is virtually destroyed and both of its commanders are killed. Valdemar IV of Denmark, son of deceased King Christopher II, is elected to the throne following 8 years of interregnum. September 25 – Hundred Years' War: Temporary Truce of Espléchin signed between England and France. October 30 – At the Battle of Río Salado in Spain, the kings of Castile and Portugal defeat the Nasrid ruler of Granada and his Moroccan allies. Europe has about 74 million inhabitants.=== 1341 === January 1 – An earthquake affects Crimea, Ukraine with a magnitude of 6.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).=== Date unknown === The Queen's College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded. Petrarch is crowned poet laureate in Rome, the first man since antiquity to be given this honor. September–October: The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos breaks out. The Breton War of Succession begins over the control of the Duchy of Brittany. Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expels her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. She subsequently marries Louis of Bavaria without having been divorced, which results in the excommunication of the couple. Tbilisi becomes a capital of European Christian Cathedra after city Smirna. George V (the brilliant) returns Jerusalem and Grave of Christ from Muslims. Saluzzo is sacked by Manfred V of Saluzzo. Casimir III of Poland build a masonry castle in Lublin and encircles the city with defensive walls. The Chinese poet Zhang Xian writes the Iron Cannon Affair about the destructive use of gunpowder and the cannon. The sultan of Delhi chooses Ibn Battuta to lead a diplomatic mission to Yuan Dynasty China. The great flood in the river Periyar in what is now southern India which lead to the river changing its course, closing of Muziris, opening up of Cochin (Kochi) harbour submersion of some islands and birth of some new islands.=== 1342 ====== January–December === May 7 – Pope Clement VI succeeds Pope Benedict XII as the 198th pope. July 16 – Louis I becomes king of Hungary. July 18 – Mu'izz al-Din Husayn defeats the Sarbadars in the Battle of Zava. August 15 – Louis \"the Child\" becomes king of Sicily and duke of Athens. September 4 – John III Comnenus becomes emperor of Trebizond.=== Date unknown === Guy de Lusignan becomes King Gosdantin II of Armenia. The Patriarch of Antioch is transferred to Damascus under Ignatius II. Kitzbühel becomes part of Tyrol. The Zealots seize power in Thessalonica, expelling its aristocrats and declaring themselves in favour of the regency in the ongoing Byzantine civil war.=== 1343 ====== January–December === January 27 – Pope Clement VI issues his Bull Unigenitus, defining the doctrine of \"The Treasury of Merits\" or \"The Treasury of the Church\" as the basis for the issuance of indulgences by the Catholic Church. April 23 – Beginning of the St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia. May 4 – The St. George's Night Uprising: The \"four Estonian kings\" are murdered at the negotiations with the Livonian Order. August 15 – Magnus IV of Sweden abdicates from the throne of Norway in favor of his son Haakon VI of Norway. However Haakon is still a minor, allowing Magnus to remain de facto ruler. August 31 – A naval league is formed between the Pope, the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller and the Kingdom of Cyprus, to prepare the Smyrniote crusades. November 25 – A tsunami, caused by an earthquake, devastates the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, among other places.=== 1344 ====== January–December === March 26 – The Siege of Algeciras, one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder was used, comes to an end. October 24 – Smyrniote Crusade: a Christian fleet succeeds in taking the port city of Smyrna from the Aydinid Turks. December 6 – Five-year-old Erik Magnusson, the eldest son of king Magnus IV of Sweden, is appointed heir to the Swedish throne, even though Sweden, at this time, is an elective monarchy.=== Date unknown === King Edward III of England introduces three new gold coins, the florin, leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gold in the coins does not match their value of 6 shillings, 3 shillings, and 1 shilling and sixpence, so they have to be withdrawn and mostly melted down by August of this year. The St. George's Night Uprising: Livonian Order hangs Vesse, the rebel Estonian Elder of Saaremaa Island. Bablake School was founded in Coventry, England by Queen Isabella. The Compagnia dei Bardi in Florence goes bankrupt, along with the Peruzzi Bank and the Acciaiuoli Bank. Famine in China. King Peter IV of Aragon defeats and deposes his cousin, James III of Majorca, thereby absorbing the Balearic Kingdom of Majorca into the Crown of Aragon.=== 1345 === January 1 – Louis IV's son, Louis VI the Roman, marries Cunigunde, a Lithuanian princess. January 17 – Turks attack Smyrna March 12 – The Miracle of the Host occurs (as commemorated in Amsterdam). March 24 – Guy de Chauliac observes the planets Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars conjoined in the sky under the sign of Aquarius and a solar eclipse on the same day. This sign is interpreted as foreboding by many, and Chauliac will later blame it for the Black Plague. April – Edward III of England offers \"defiance\" of Philip VI of France. April 22 – Battle of Gamenario: The Lombards defeat the Angevins in the northwest region of present-day Italy, just southeast of Turin. May – Turks led by Umur Beg sail from Asia Minor to the Balkan Peninsula and raid Bulgarian territory. July 7 – Battle of Peritheorion: the forces of Momchil, autonomous ruler of the Rhodope, are defeated by the Turkish allies of John VI Kantakouzenos. September – Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and remain part of the imperial crown domain until 1347. September 18 – Andrew, Duke of Calabria is assassinated in Naples (d. in Aversa). September 26 – Battle of Warns: The Frisians defeat the forces of Holland under William IV, Count of Hainaut, in the midst of the Friso-Hollandic Wars. October 21 – English victory at the Battle of Auberoche in Gascony. December – English take Aiguillon in Gascony.=== 1346 ====== January–December === Spring – a severe Black Death epidemic begins in the Crimea. March 18 – the French prepare to defend channel coasts. April – the French besiege Aiguillon. April 16 – the Serbian Empire is proclaimed in Skopje by Dusan Silni, occupying much of South-Eastern Europe. May–June – an English invasion fleet assembles at Portsmouth. June 9 – Battle of St Pol de Léon: English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany. June 20 – the English win a small victory at La Roche-Derrien in Brittany. June 24 – the leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III. July – Edward III orders the closing of English ports to stop information from reaching France. July 3 – the English fleet attempts to sail from Portsmouth to Normandy but is forced back by contrary winds. July 11 – Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans. July 11–12 – Edward III and the English army cross the English Channel and begin an invasion of France. July 12 – July 18 – the English raid and burn neighbouring towns and villages in the Cotentin Peninsula. August 26 – Battle of Crécy, in which the English defeat the French. September 4 – the English begin the siege of Calais. October 17 – Battle of Neville's Cross: the English army defeats the Scots. October–November – several Mongol towns in the Crimea are cleared of inhabitants by the Black Death.=== Date unknown === Repairs are made in the Hagia Sophia.=== 1347 ====== January–December === February 2 – The Byzantine civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for John V Palaiologos ends with Kantakouzenos entering Constantinople. April – The Knights Hospitaller defeat a Turkish fleet and sink 100 ships off Imbros. May The agreement reorganizing the Byzantine Empire's affairs is finalized as Anna of Savoy's son John V Palaiologos marries Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter Helena. Genoese ships fleeing the Black Death plague in Kaffa stop in Constantinople, contaminating the city. May 20 – Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declares himself Emperor of Rome in response to years of baronial power-struggles. August 2 – The Islamic Bahmani Kingdom is established on the Indian subcontinent. September – In the Hundred Years' War, the English win the city of Calais September 1 – The Black Death reaches the French city of Marseilles October – Ships arrive in southern Italy with the Black Plague November Pope Clement VI unites several of Rome's upper-class nobility, who drive Cola di Rienzo out of the city King Phillip of France meets with the Estates General to ask for funds to further the war effort against the English November 1 – Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France December – Plague hits the island of Majorca December 25 – First cases of the plague recorded in the city of Split in Croatia. December 27 – to fund the military operations in Corsica, the Republic of Genoa had to borrow at 20% from an association of creditors known as the Compera nuova acquisitionis Corsicæ.=== Date unknown === The Charles University in Prague is founded (this or the next year).=== 1348 ====== January–December === April 7 – Charles University is founded in Prague. June – Two ships enter the Bristol Channel bringing the bubonic plague to England. June 24 – The Black Death outbreak goes into full swing in Melcombe Regis (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset in England). July 6 – A Papal bull is issued by Pope Clement VI, protecting Jews against popular aggression during the Black Death epidemic. November 1 – The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro because they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus \"royalists\".=== Date unknown === The Black Death epidemic spreads to central and western Europe. Emperor Sukō succeeds Emperor Komyo of Japan, making them the third and second of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, respectively. Stefan the Mighty, Emperor of Serbia conquers Thessaly and Epirus. Edward III of England creates the first English order of chivalry, the Most Noble Order of the Garter. The Pskov Republic gains independence from the Novgorod Republic with the treaty of Bolotovo. The Black Death breaks out in Cairo. Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt. A de facto truce is observed between England and France until 1355. Gonville Hall, the forerunner of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge is founded.=== 1349 ====== January–December === January 9 – The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland is rounded up and incinerated, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death. January 22 – An earthquake in L'Aquila kills 800. February 14 – Roughly 2,000 Jews are burned to death during the Strasbourg massacre. March 21 – The bulk of the 900 strong Jewish community of Erfurt (Germany) is murdered by the rest of the population which accuses the minority to be the underlying cause of the Black Death. May – The Black Death ceases in Ireland. August 24 – The Black Death breaks out in Elbing (Poland). October 20 – Pope Clement VI publishes a papal bull that condemns the Flagellants.=== Date unknown === The Black Death spreads to Norway when an English ship with everyone dead on board floats to Bergen. Pope Clement VI annuls the marriage of William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, and Joan of Kent, on the grounds of her prior marriage to Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent. The Black Death breaks out in Mecca. Ibn Battuta arrives in Fez in Morocco. An earthquake in Rome causes extensive damage, including the collapse of the southern exterior facade of the Colosseum.".
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- 1340s wikiPageWikiLink 1330s.
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