Matches in DBpedia 2016-04 for { ?s ?p "Pain in crustaceans is a contentious issue. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in an animal, or another human for that matter, cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions.Most definitions of pain involve the two key components of nociception and suffering. Nociception is an ability to detect noxious stimuli which evokes a reflex response that moves the entire animal, or the affected part of the body, away from the source of the stimulus. The concept of nociception does not imply any adverse, subjective feeling - it is a simple reflex action, not processed by the brain. Suffering is the subjective experience of the pain; the internal, emotional interpretation of the nociceptive experience and is therefore a private, emotional experience. Whilst a nociceptive reflex quickly removes an animal from a potentially damaging stimulus, this will not prevent the animal from repeatedly exposing itself to this risk. Pain involves learning, which has the adaptive function of lowering the probability of the animal repeatedly exposing itself to potential injury. Suffering cannot be directly measured in other animals, including other humans. Responses to putatively painful stimuli can be measured, but not the experience itself. To address this problem when assessing the capacity of other species to experience pain, argument by analogy is sometimes used. Another approach is to construct a list of criteria and assess whether the animal fulfills these.Crustaceans fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opioid receptors. Opioid peptides and opioid receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although it was concluded in 2005 \"...at present no certain conclusion can be drawn\", more recent considerations suggest their presence along with related physiological and behavioural responses as indicating that crustaceans may experience pain. Opioids may moderate pain in crustaceans in a similar way to that in vertebrates.If crustaceans feel pain, there are ethical and animal welfare implications including the consequences of exposure to pollutants, and practices involving commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, food preparation and for crustaceans used in scientific research."@en }
Showing triples 1 to 1 of
1
with 100 triples per page.
- Pain_in_crustaceans abstract "Pain in crustaceans is a contentious issue. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in an animal, or another human for that matter, cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions.Most definitions of pain involve the two key components of nociception and suffering. Nociception is an ability to detect noxious stimuli which evokes a reflex response that moves the entire animal, or the affected part of the body, away from the source of the stimulus. The concept of nociception does not imply any adverse, subjective feeling - it is a simple reflex action, not processed by the brain. Suffering is the subjective experience of the pain; the internal, emotional interpretation of the nociceptive experience and is therefore a private, emotional experience. Whilst a nociceptive reflex quickly removes an animal from a potentially damaging stimulus, this will not prevent the animal from repeatedly exposing itself to this risk. Pain involves learning, which has the adaptive function of lowering the probability of the animal repeatedly exposing itself to potential injury. Suffering cannot be directly measured in other animals, including other humans. Responses to putatively painful stimuli can be measured, but not the experience itself. To address this problem when assessing the capacity of other species to experience pain, argument by analogy is sometimes used. Another approach is to construct a list of criteria and assess whether the animal fulfills these.Crustaceans fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opioid receptors. Opioid peptides and opioid receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although it was concluded in 2005 \"...at present no certain conclusion can be drawn\", more recent considerations suggest their presence along with related physiological and behavioural responses as indicating that crustaceans may experience pain. Opioids may moderate pain in crustaceans in a similar way to that in vertebrates.If crustaceans feel pain, there are ethical and animal welfare implications including the consequences of exposure to pollutants, and practices involving commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, food preparation and for crustaceans used in scientific research.".