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- Water_on_Mars abstract "Water on Mars exists today almost entirely as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapour in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soils. The only place where water ice is visible at the surface is at the north polar ice cap. Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole and in the shallow subsurface at more temperate latitudes. More than five million cubic kilometers of ice have been identified at or near the surface of modern Mars, enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters. Even more ice is likely to be locked away in the deep subsurface.Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today but only under certain conditions. No large standing bodies of liquid water exist because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 pascals (0.087 psi)—about 0.6% of Earth's mean sea level pressure—and because the global average temperature is far too low (210 K (−63 °C)), leading to either rapid evaporation (sublimation) or rapid freezing. Before about 3.8 billion years ago, Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures, allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface, possibly including a large ocean that may have covered one-third of the planet. Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars' history. On December 9, 2013, NASA reported that, based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus, Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake which could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life.Many lines of evidence indicate that water is abundant on Mars and has played a significant role in the planet's geologic history. The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft imagery, remote sensing techniques (spectroscopic measurements, radar, etc.), and surface investigations from landers and rovers. Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods, ancient river valley networks, deltas, and lakebeds; and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water. Numerous geomorphic features suggest the presence of ground ice (permafrost) and the movement of ice in glaciers, both in the recent past and present. Gullies and slope lineae along cliffs and crater walls suggest that flowing water continues to shape the surface of Mars, although to a far lesser degree than in the ancient past.Although the surface of Mars was periodically wet and could have been hospitable to microbial life billions of years ago, the current environment at the surface is dry and subfreezing, probably presenting an insurmountable obstacle for living organisms. In addition, Mars lacks a thick atmosphere, ozone layer, and magnetic field, allowing solar and cosmic radiation to strike the surface unimpeded. The damaging effects of ionizing radiation on cellular structure is another one of the prime limiting factors on the survival of life on the surface. Therefore, the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be in subsurface environments.Understanding water on Mars is vital to assess the planet’s potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration. For this reason, 'Follow the Water' was the science theme of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) in the first decade of the 21st century. Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Mars Phoenix Lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about water's abundance and distribution on Mars. The ESA's Mars Express orbiter has also provided essential data in this quest. The Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MER Opportunity rover, MRO, and Mars Science Lander Curiosity rover are still sending back data from Mars, and discoveries continue to be made.".
- Water_on_Mars thumbnail AncientMars.jpg?width=300.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink 2001_Mars_Odyssey.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Aeolian_processes.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Aeolis_Mons.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Aeolis_Palus.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Allan_Hills_84001.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Alluvial_fan.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Amazonian_(Mars).
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Amazonis_quadrangle.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Anhydrite.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Antarctica.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Aquifer.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Arabia_Terra.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Athabasca_Vallis.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Atmosphere.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Autotroph.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Axial_tilt.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Bahram_Vallis.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Bar_(unit).
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Basalt.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Biosphere.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Black_Sea.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Box_canyon.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Bradbury_Landing.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Brine.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Bruce_C._Murray.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Calcium_sulfate.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Canyon.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Carbonate.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Carbonate_minerals.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Caspian_Sea.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Category:Extraterrestrial_water.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Category:Water_on_Mars.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Cebrenia_quadrangle.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Centauri_Montes.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Cerberus_Fossae.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chasma.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_equilibrium.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chemical_weathering.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chemolithotrophs.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chemosynthesis.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chemotroph.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Chlorine.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Clastic_rock.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Clastic_sediment.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Clay.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Climate_of_Mars.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Colonization_of_Mars.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Concretion.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Cosmic_radiation.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Curiosity_(rover).
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Deuterium.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Deuteronilus_Mensae.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Drainage_basin.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Drift_ice.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Drumlin.
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- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Dry_lake.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Earths_magnetic_field.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Edward_Walter_Maunder.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Elysium_Mons.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Elysium_Planitia.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Elysium_quadrangle.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Endurance_(crater).
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Erosion.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink European_Space_Agency.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Evaporate.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Evaporation.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Evolution_of_water_on_Mars_and_Earth.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Extraterrestrial_life.
- Water_on_Mars wikiPageWikiLink Extraterrestrial_liquid_water.