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- Władysław_Gomułka abstract "Władysław Gomułka (Polish: [vwaˈdɨswaf ɡɔˈmuwka]; 6 February 1905 – 1 September 1982) was a Polish communist activist and politician. He was the de facto leader of post-war Poland until 1948, and again from 1956 to 1970. American journalist John Gunther described Gomułka as "professorial in manner, aloof, and angular, with a peculiar spry pepperiness."Gomułka was born in a worker family in Krosno. He received only rudimentary education before being employed in the oil industry of the Subcarpathian region. In 1926, he became a member of the Communist Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) and was arrested for political activity. Gomułka was an activist in the leftist labor unions from 1926 and in the Central Trade Department of the KPP Central Committee from 1931. In August 1932, participating in a conference of textile worker delegates in Łódź, he was arrested by the Sanation police and then shot and wounded during an escape attempt. Subsequently he was sentenced to a prison term. In 1934 Gomułka went to Moscow, where he lived and studied at the International Lenin School for a year. After his return to Poland Gomułka worked as a regional KPP secretary in Silesia. He was arrested in 1936, sentenced to seven years in prison and remained jailed until the beginning of World War II. During the war, Gomułka became an influential Polish communist and in 1942 participated in the reformation of a Polish communist party (the KPP was destroyed in Stalin's purges in the late 1930s) under the name Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR). Gomułka organized the party structures in the Subcarpathian region, but soon was brought to the capital to lead the PPR Warsaw division. After some of the PPR founders, many of whom were previously parachuted or otherwise brought from the Soviet Union, were killed in the internal struggle or eliminated by the Nazis, Gomułka became the Party's secretary general in November 1943 (and remained in that position until September 1948, when the Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria decided that his leadership no longer served their interests). In occupied Warsaw Gomułka established a national quasi-parliament (the communist version) named the State National Council and was a deputy in that body.Gomułka was a deputy prime minister in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), from January to June 1945, and in the Provisional Government of National Unity (Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej), from 1945 to 1947. As a minister of Recovered Territories (1945–48), he exerted great influence over the rebuilding, integration and economic progress of Poland within its new borders, by supervising the settlement, development and administration of the lands acquired from Germany. Using his position in the PPR and government, Gomułka led the leftist social transformations in Poland and participated in the crushing of the resistance to the communist rule during the post-war years. He also helped the communists in winning the 3 x Tak (3 Times Yes) referendum of 1946. A year later, he played a key role in the 1947 parliamentary elections, which were rigged to give the communists and their allies an overwhelming victory. After the elections, all remaining legal opposition in Poland was effectively destroyed.Gomułka became the "hegemon" of Poland. However, a rivalry between Polish communist factions (Gomułka was the leader of a home national group vs. Bolesław Bierut of Stalin's group reared during the war in the Soviet Union) led to Gomułka's removal from power in 1948 and imprisonment (from August 1951 to December 1954). He was accused of "right wing-reactionary deviation" and expelled from the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) (as the Polish Workers' Party was renamed following a merger with the Polish Socialist Party).The Stalinist General Secretary of the PZPR Bierut died in March 1956, during the period of de-Stalinization in Poland, which gradually developed after Stalin's death. Edward Ochab became the new first secretary of the Party. In June 1956, violent worker protests broke out in Poznań. The worker riots were harshly suppressed and dozens of workers were killed. However, the Party leadership, which now included many reform-minded officials, recognized to some degree the validity of the protest participants' demands and took steps to placate the workers.The reformers in the Party wanted a political rehabilitation of Gomułka and his return to the Party leadership. Gomułka insisted that he be given real power to implement further reforms. He wanted a replacement of some of the Party leaders, including the pro-Soviet Minister of Defense Konstantin Rokossovsky. The Soviet leadership viewed events in Poland with alarm. Simultaneously with Soviet troop movements deep into Poland, a high-level Soviet delegation flew to Warsaw. It was led by Nikita Khrushchev and included Mikoyan, Bulganin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Marshal Konev and others. Ochab and Gomułka made it clear that Polish forces would resist if Soviet troops advanced, but reassured the Soviets that the reforms were internal matters and that Poland had no intention of abandoning the communist bloc or its treaties with the Soviet Union. The Soviets yielded.Following the wishes of the majority of the Politburo members, First Secretary Ochab gave in and on 20 October the Central Committee brought Gomułka and several associates into the Politburo, removed others, and elected Gomułka as first secretary of the Party. Gomułka, the former prisoner of the Stalinists, enjoyed wide popular support across the country, expressed by the participants of a massive street demonstration in Warsaw on 24 October. A major factor that influenced Gomułka was the Oder-Neisse line issue. West Germany refused to recognize the Oder-Neisse line and Gomułka realized the fundamental instability of Poland's unilaterally imposed western border. He felt threatened by the revanchist statements put out by the Adenauer government and believed that the alliance with the Soviet Union was the only thing stopping the threat of a future German invasion. The new Party leader told the 8th Plenum of the PZPR on 19 October 1956 that: "Poland needs friendship with the Soviet Union more than the Soviet Union needs friendship with Poland... Without the Soviet Union we cannot maintain our borders with the West". Seeing that Gomułka was popular with the Polish people, and given his insistence that he wanted to maintain the alliance with the Soviet Union and the presence of the Red Army in Poland, Khrushchev decided that Gomułka was a leader that Moscow could live with.Gomułka was initially very popular for his reforms and seeking a "Polish way to socialism", and giving rise to the period known as "Gomułka's thaw". During the 1960s, however, he became more conservative and, afraid of destabilizing the system, not inclined to introduce or permit changes. In the 1960s he supported persecution of the Catholic Church and intellectuals (notably Leszek Kołakowski, who was forced into exile). In 1967–68 Gomułka allowed outbursts of "anti-Zionist" political propaganda, which developed first as a result of the Soviet bloc's frustration with the outcome of the Six-Day War. It turned out being a thinly veiled anti-Semitic campaign, pursued primarily by others in the Party, but utilized by Gomułka to keep himself in power by shifting the attention of the populace from the stagnating economy and mismanagement. The result was that the majority of the remaining Polish citizens of Jewish origin left the country. At that time he was also responsible for persecuting protesting students and toughening censorship of the media. Gomułka was one of the key leaders of and supported Poland's participation in the Warsaw Pact intervention in Czechoslovakia in August 1968.A remarkable achievement of Gomułka's politics was the negotiating of a treaty with West Germany, signed in December 1970. The German side recognized the post-World War II borders, which established a foundation for future peace, stability and cooperation in Central Europe.In December 1970, economic difficulties led to price rises and subsequent bloody clashes with shipyard workers on the Baltic Coast, in which several dozen workers were fatally shot. The tragic events forced Gomułka's resignation and retirement. In a generational replacement of the ruling elite, Edward Gierek took over the Party leadership and tensions eased.Gomułka's negative image in communist propaganda after his removal was gradually modified and some of his constructive contributions were recognized. He is seen as an honest and austere believer in the socialist system, who, unable to resolve Poland's formidable difficulties and satisfy mutually contradictory demands, grew more rigid and despotic later in his career. He died in 1982 of lung cancer. Gomułka's memoirs were first published in 1994.".
- Władysław_Gomułka birthDate "1905-02-06".
- Władysław_Gomułka birthPlace Austria-Hungary.
- Władysław_Gomułka birthPlace Krosno.
- Władysław_Gomułka birthYear "1905".
- Władysław_Gomułka deathDate "1982-09-01".
- Władysław_Gomułka deathPlace Konstancin-Jeziorna.
- Władysław_Gomułka deathPlace Polish_Peoples_Republic.
- Władysław_Gomułka deathYear "1982".
- Władysław_Gomułka nationality Poland.
- Władysław_Gomułka orderInOffice "First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party".
- Władysław_Gomułka orderInOffice "First Secretary of the Polish Workers' Party".
- Władysław_Gomułka predecessor Edward_Ochab.
- Władysław_Gomułka predecessor Paweł_Finder.
- Władysław_Gomułka successor Bolesław_Bierut.
- Władysław_Gomułka successor Edward_Gierek.
- Władysław_Gomułka termPeriod Władysław_Gomułka__1.
- Władysław_Gomułka thumbnail Wladyslaw_Gomulka_na_trybunie.jpg?width=300.
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- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Category:1905_births.
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- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink History_of_Poland_(1945–89).
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- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink International_Lenin_School.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Interpellation_(politics).
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- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Jakub_Berman.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink John_Gunther.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Joseph_Stalin.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Karol_Świerczewski.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Katowice.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Kiev.
- Władysław_Gomułka wikiPageWikiLink Konrad_Adenauer.