Matches in DBpedia 2015-10 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/T_independent_antigen_(TI)> ?p ?o }
Showing triples 1 to 51 of
51
with 100 triples per page.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) abstract "T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. There are 2 distinct subgroups of TI antigens, different in mechanism of activating B lymphocytes. TI-1 antigen, which has an activity that can directly activate B cells and TI-2 antigen, which has highly repetitive structure and causes simultaneous cross-linking of specific B cell receptors (BCR) on B lymphocyte. The most commonly released isotype of antibodies in this type of immune reaction is low affinity IgM.Antigen production independent of T lymphocytesFor most protein antigens, the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes is dependent on stimulation of helper T cells. However some bacterial polysaccharides, polymeric proteins and lipopolysaccharides can stimulate B lymphocytes without involvement of helper T cells. The non-protein microbial antigens can not stimulate classical T cell response by themselves, but they are able to elicit the production of antibodies, so that is why we call them T or thymus independent antigens.T independent antigens are divided into 2 classes by the mechanism of activating B cells.TI-1 antigenTI-1 antigens have an intrinsic B cell activating activity, that can directly cause proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes without T cell stimulation and independently of their BCR specificity. TI-1 antigens activate B-cells via Toll like receptors, which are, in human, expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes after BCR stimulation. TI-1 antigens are classified as B-cell mitogens, because they induce numerous cell divisions. In higher concentrations, TI-1 antigens bind to BCR and TLR of various clones of B lymphocytes, which leads to production of multiclonal antibodies. But when the concentration of TI-1 is lower, it can activate only B lymphocytes with specific binding of TI-1 on their BCR, and leads to production of monoclonal antibodies.This part of immune response may be important in some early stages of infection by extracellular pathogens, because it is rapidly activated and does not require T cell hlep or clonal maturation and expansion. An exapmle of TI-1 antigen is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bacterial DNA.TI-2 antigenSecond group of TI antigens consists mainly of highly repetitive surface structures (epitopes) of encapsulated bacteria. They do not have an intrinsic B-cell activating activity. The activation of B lymphocytes is caused by cross-linking of a critical number of B cell receptors, which leads to accumulation of BCRs and cross activation of these receptors. It results in proliferaton and differentiation of B lymphocytes and production of antobodies. TI-2 antigens can activate only mature B lymphocytes. Immature B cells are anergized, so they do not elicit any immune response. That may explain why children up to 5 years are not capable of producing effective antibodies against polysaccharide antigens. It might be because the majority of their B cell population is immature.Even though the response on TI antigens is not dependent on T lymphocytes, there are some cyokines, produced mainly by T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, necessary for eliciting reaction against these antigens. The most necessary are interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3) and interferon γ (IFN-γ). Moreover, additional stimulation by dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages is reqired.".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageID "46765576".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageLength "4218".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageOutDegree "19".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageRevisionID "683204595".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Antibodies.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Antibody.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink B-cell_receptor.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink B_cell.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink B_cell_receptor.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink B_lymphocytes.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Antigens.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Biomolecules.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Immune_system.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Dendritic_cell.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Dendritic_cells.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Encapsulated_bacteria.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Epitope.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Epitopes.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Helper_T_cells.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Interferon_gamma.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Interferon_γ.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Interleukin_2.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Interleukin_3.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Macrophage.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Macrophages.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Mitogen.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Mitogens.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Natural_killer_cell.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Natural_killer_cells.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Polysaccharide_encapsulated_bacteria.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink T_cell.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink T_helper_cell.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink T_lymphocyte.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Toll-like_receptor.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageWikiLink Toll_like_receptors.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) hasPhotoCollection T_independent_antigen_(TI).
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Immune_system.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Multiple_issues.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) subject Category:Antigens.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) subject Category:Biomolecules.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) subject Category:Immune_system.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) comment "T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. There are 2 distinct subgroups of TI antigens, different in mechanism of activating B lymphocytes. TI-1 antigen, which has an activity that can directly activate B cells and TI-2 antigen, which has highly repetitive structure and causes simultaneous cross-linking of specific B cell receptors (BCR) on B lymphocyte.".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) label "T independent antigen (TI)".
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) sameAs Antygen_grasiczoniezależny.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) sameAs m.0138wxc3.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) sameAs Q9158090.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) sameAs Q9158090.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) wasDerivedFrom T_independent_antigen_(TI)?oldid=683204595.
- T_independent_antigen_(TI) isPrimaryTopicOf T_independent_antigen_(TI).