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- Sumer abstract "Sumer (/ˈsuːmər/) was one of the ancient civilizations and historical regions in southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze ages. Although the earliest specimens of writing in the region do not go back much further than c. 2500 BC, modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence). These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians", and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia (Assyria). The Ubaidians (though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves) are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.However, some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Professor Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians were settled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians (who spoke a language no relatives of which are known today; see language isolate) and the Semitic Akkadian speakers, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a Sprachbund. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) approximately 2100-2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, was the world's first city, where three separate cultures may have fused — that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians.Sumer was also the site of early development of writing, progressing from a stage of proto-writing in the mid 4th millennium BC to writing proper in the 3rd millennium BC (see Jemdet Nasr period).".
- Sumer thumbnail Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svg?width=300.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink Sumer.html.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink 1035_402.pdf.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink psd.museum.upenn.edu.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink www.cdli.ucla.edu.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink MainFeaturesMesopotamia.htm.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink iraq.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink www.sumerian.org.
- Sumer wikiPageExternalLink mapANEprecip.jpg.
- Sumer wikiPageID "50521".
- Sumer wikiPageLength "62005".
- Sumer wikiPageOutDegree "497".
- Sumer wikiPageRevisionID "683818702".
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Abacus.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Adab_(city).
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Adhesive.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Afghanistan.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Afroasiatic_languages.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Afterlife.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Agglutinative_language.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Agriculture.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Akitu.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Akkad_(city).
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Akkadian_Empire.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Akkadian_language.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Akshak.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Al-Qādisiyyah_Governorate.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Al_Diwaniyah_Governorate.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Al_Muthanna_Governorate.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Alabaster.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Alcove.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Alulim.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Amorite.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Amorites.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Analytic_languages.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Anatolia.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Anu.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Arch.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Archaeological_record.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Archery.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Archibald_Sayce.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Arithmetic.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Armor.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Armour.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Arnold_J._Toynbee.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Arrow.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Arrow_(weapon).
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Asphalt.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Assyria.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Assyrian_Empire.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Astrology.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Aurochs.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Axe.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Babil_Governorate.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Babylon.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Babylonia.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Babylonian_Empire.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Babylonian_numerals.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bad-tibira.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Badakhshan.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Baghdad.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bahrain.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Barley.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Basket.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Basra_Governorate.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Beer.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bilingualism.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bit_(horse).
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bitumen.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Boot.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Borsippa.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bow_drill.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Brace_(tool).
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bronze.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Bronze_Age.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Buttress.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Calcite.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Canal.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Carnelian.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:6th-millennium_BC_establishments.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Ancient_Near_East.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Archaeology_of_Iraq.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Civilizations.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Fertile_Crescent.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Lists_of_coordinates.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mesopotamia.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_6th_millennium_BC.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Category:Sumer.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Cavalry.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Cedar_oil.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Cement.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Cereal.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Chalcolithic.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Channel_(geography).
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Chariot.
- Sumer wikiPageWikiLink Chickpea.