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- Slovak_declension abstract "The Slovak language, like most Slavic languages and Latin, is an inflected language, meaning that the endings (and sometimes also the stems) of most words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals) change depending on the given combination of the grammatical gender, the grammatical number and the grammatical case of the particular word in the particular sentence:a) Gender: There are four grammatical genders in Slovak language: animate masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine and neuter. In popular description, the first two genders are often covered under common masculine gender.Almost all Slovak nouns and adjectives, as well as some pronouns and numerals can be categorized into one of these genders. Exceptions are pluralia tantum (Vianoce - Christmas) and words that are drifting into other gender and are currently in the neuter (knieža - Fürst), and masculine animals that are animate in singular and mostly inanimate in plural.b) Number: Like in English, Slovak has singular and plural nouns. Morphological traces of the ancient Indo-European dual number remain, but are not a separate grammar category anymore.A particular case is associated with three distinct groups of numerals associated with nouns: 1 (one) - nominative case singular, for example jeden dub (one oak) 2, 3, 4 - nominative case plural, for example dva duby (two oaks) 0, 5 and more - genitive case plural, for example päť dubov (five [of] oaks)c) Morphological cases: the nominative case (N) = the subject; the basic form of the word; answers the question Who / What; for example father (sg), fathers (pl) the genitive case (G) = (1) in English "of x" or "x's" ; answers the questions Of whom / Of what; for example father's (sg. ), fathers' (pl); (2) is used after the prepositions bez (without), blízko (near), do (to, into), doprostred (in(to) the middle of), mimo (out(side) of), miesto (instead of), okolo (around), od (from), podľa (according to), pomimo (next to, around), pomocou (by means of), pozdĺž (along), u (at), uprostred (in the middle of), vedľa (next to, adjacent to), vnútri (in, inside of), vyše (above), z (out of, from), *za (behind) the dative case (D) =(1) in English "to x"; answers the question To whom / To what; for example to the father (sg), to the fathers (pl);(2) is used after the prepositions k (to, towards), kvôli (because of), napriek (in spite of), naproti (facing, opposing), oproti ((facing, opposing)), voči (facing, against) the accusative case (A) =(1) the direct object; answers the question Whom / What; for example [I see the] father (sg), fathers (pl);(2) is used after the prepositions: cez(through), *medzi (between, among), *na (on, at), *nad (above), *po (after, for), *o (about, on), *pod (under), pre (for, because of), *pred (before, in front of), *v (in, on), vzhľadom na (regarding, concerning), *za (behind, for) the locative case (L) = used after the prepositions *na (on), *po (after), *o (about, on), pri (at, next to), *v (in, on)the instrumental case (I) =(1) in English "by (means of) x"; answers the question By (means of) whom / By (means of) what; for example [written] by the father;(2) is used after the prepositions: *medzi (between, among), *nad (above), *pod, (under), *pred (before, in front of), s (with), *za (behind, at the back of) The (syntactic) vocative case (V) is not morphologically marked anymore in modern Slovak (unlike in modern Czech). Today the (syntactic) vocative is realised by the (morphological) nominative case, just like in English, German and many other languages. However, the ancient vocative declensions have survived (mostly in conserved, archaic words or language, e.g. in fairy tales, folklore, or in an ironic sense) in some words, some examples: syn (son) - V: synku, brat (brother) - V: bratu, bratku), chlapec (boy, knave) - V:chlapče), švagor (brother-in-law) - V: švagre or N, kmotor (godparent) - V:kmotre or N), chlap (man, male) - V: chlape, priateľ (friend) V: priateľu or N, pán (mister, lord) - V: pane or N), majster (master artist) - V: majstre or N), boh (god) - V: bože, mama (mum, mother) - V: mamo, mami) and was retrofitted (with the help of Czech influence) to some more words, like šéf (chief, boss) - V: šéfe. There is a dispute among some Slovak linguists whether to include vocative into grammar categories but with declension (mostly) equal to the nominative, or to unify it with nominative case category. But since the morphological vocative is used only for the above restricted number of words and in addition only in some contexts, it is surely an exaggeration to say that the (morphological) vocative is still in the Slovak language. Note however that there is no dispute that the syntactic vocative is present in Slovak (and in every other language). Slovak schools have been teaching for at least 30 years that there is no grammar category of vocative anymore in use, and since 1990 they have not mentioned the vocative at all. The Slovak Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1993) explicitly says: the vocative is nowadays replaced by the nominative. However, the Slovak National Corpus explicitly includes vocative as a separate case in the morphological analysis and corpus tagset.There is a also different form of morphological vocative emerging in spoken language, used with some familiar forms of personal names (Paľo - Pali, Jano, Jana - Jani, Zuza - Zuzi) and familiar forms of kinship words, such as mama - mami (mum, mother), oco - oci (dad, father), tata, tato - tati (dad, daddy), baba, babka - babi (gran, granny, grandmother). This usage is very similar to the "new Russian vocative" (Маш', Петь', мам'), but it is not accepted into standardised codified language. This could have developed out of proper names that were formed using the Hungarian diminutive suffix -i and that are used in spoken Slovak, and therefore is often homonymous with nominative (semi-)diminutive forms of the names. Other possibility is influence of Czech (from common bllingual TV during Czechoslovakia) where Jani/Zuzi as well as mami/tati/babi is part of Common Czech.".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageExternalLink Slovak_declension.html.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageID "1138009".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageLength "27667".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageOutDegree "29".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageRevisionID "681893249".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Accusative_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Adjective.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Adverb.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Adverbs.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Category:Declension.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Category:Slovak_language.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Christmas.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Dative_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Declension.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Ending_(linguistics).
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Fusional_language.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Fürst.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Genitive_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Grammatical_gender.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Grammatical_number.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Inflected_language.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Instrumental_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Latin.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Locative_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Nominative_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Noun.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Numeral_(linguistics).
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Plurale_tantum.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Pluralia_tantum.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Pronoun.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Slavic_languages.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Slovak_National_Corpus.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Slovak_language.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Suffix.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLink Vocative_case.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLinkText "Slovak declension".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLinkText "declension".
- Slovak_declension wikiPageWikiLinkText "noun declension".
- Slovak_declension hasPhotoCollection Slovak_declension.
- Slovak_declension wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cleanup.
- Slovak_declension subject Category:Declension.
- Slovak_declension subject Category:Slovak_language.
- Slovak_declension hypernym Language.
- Slovak_declension type Article.
- Slovak_declension type Language.
- Slovak_declension type Article.
- Slovak_declension type Page.
- Slovak_declension comment "The Slovak language, like most Slavic languages and Latin, is an inflected language, meaning that the endings (and sometimes also the stems) of most words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals) change depending on the given combination of the grammatical gender, the grammatical number and the grammatical case of the particular word in the particular sentence:a) Gender: There are four grammatical genders in Slovak language: animate masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine and neuter.".
- Slovak_declension label "Slovak declension".
- Slovak_declension sameAs Declinacions_de_leslovac.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Slowakische_Grammatik.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Deklinacio_en_la_slovaka_lingvo.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Gramática_del_eslovaco.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Déclinaisons_en_slovaque.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Словачка_деклинација.
- Slovak_declension sameAs m.049k8r.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Skloňovanie_v_slovenčine.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Q1425884.
- Slovak_declension sameAs Q1425884.
- Slovak_declension wasDerivedFrom Slovak_declension?oldid=681893249.
- Slovak_declension isPrimaryTopicOf Slovak_declension.