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- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands abstract "As a result of the Alhambra Decree and the Inquisition, many Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) left the Iberian peninsula at the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, in search of religious freedom. Some migrated to the newly independent Dutch provinces which welcomed the Sephardic Jews. Many of the Jews who left for the Dutch provinces were crypto-Jews, persons who had converted to Catholicism but continued to practice Judaism in secret. After they had settled in the safety of the Netherlands, many of them 'returned' fully to practice of the Jewish religion.Many Jewish refugees came from Portugal, where Spanish Jews had fled after the Spanish Inquisition had been introduced in Spain in 1492. Following the establishment in 1536 of the Portuguese Inquisition, descendants of Jews who had converted to Catholicism were looked upon with great suspicion. Many left for Brazil (where Europeans were Portuguese speaking) and France. A couple of decades later, groups of crypto-Jews started reaching the Dutch Republic.Amsterdam became one of the most favored destinations in the Netherlands for Sephardic Jews. Because many of the refugees were traders, Amsterdam benefited greatly from their arrival. However, the reason to settle in Amsterdam was not merely voluntary; many crypto-Jews, or Marranos, had been refused admission in trading centers like Middelburg and Haarlem, and because of that ended up in Amsterdam. Under the influence of Sephardic Jews, Amsterdam grew rapidly. Many Jews supported the House of Orange, and were in return protected by the stadholder. Because of the international trading relations many Jewish families had because of the dispersal of their families throughout Europe, the Levant and Northern Africa, trading connections were established with the Levant and Morocco. For instance, the Jewish-Moroccan merchant Samuel Pallache (ca. 1550-1616) was sent to the Dutch Republic by Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of Morocco in 1608 to be his ambassador at The Hague.In particular, the relations between the Dutch and South America were established by Sephardic Jews; they contributed to the establishment of the Dutch West Indies Company in 1621, of the directorate of which some of them were members. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in Holland. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars — Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil the Dutch were supported by the Jews.With various countries in Europe also the Jews of Amsterdam established commercial relations. In a letter dated Nov. 25, 1622, King Christian IV of Denmark invites Jews of Amsterdam to settle in Glückstadt, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them.Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam: Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family; Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (April, 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. One of the most famous Dutch Jews of this time was Baruch Spinoza, whose intellectual contributions were very important in his time and continues to influence thinkers to this day. Neither were Jews taken into the trade-guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. In 1655 a Jew was, exceptionally, permitted to establish a sugar-refinery.In 1675, the Esnoga (Sephardic synagogue) in Amsterdam was inaugurated. The synagogue is still in use today. The Sephardic cemetery Beth Haim in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, a village on the outskirts of Amsterdam, has been in use since 1614 and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. Another reminder of the Sephardic community in Amsterdam is the Huis De Pinto, a residence for the wealthy Sephardic family de Pinto, constructed in 1680.".
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands thumbnail SPAmster.JPG?width=300.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageExternalLink www.esnoga.com.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageExternalLink www.jhm.nl.
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- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_Bueno_de_Mesquita.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_Lopes_Cardozo.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_Pais.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Alhambra_Decree.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Amsterdam.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Amsterdam_Esnoga.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Ashkenazi.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Ashkenazi_Jews.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Auschwitz.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Auschwitz_concentration_camp.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Balthazar_(Isaac)_Orobio_de_Castro.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Baruch_Spinoza.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Benjamin_Cardozo.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Benjamin_N._Cardozo.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Beth_Haim.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Beth_Haim_of_Ouderkerk_aan_de_Amstel.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Brazil.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Canadian.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Canadians.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Dutch_people_of_Portuguese-Jewish_descent.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Dutch_people_of_Spanish-Jewish_descent.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Jewish_Dutch_history.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Middle_Eastern_diaspora_in_the_Netherlands.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Portuguese_diaspora_in_Europe.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Sephardi_Jews_topics.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Category:Spanish_diaspora_in_Europe.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Catholicism.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Christian_IV_of_Denmark.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Congregation_Shearith_Israel.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Crypto-Jews.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Crypto-Judaism.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Dachau_concentration_camp.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Daniel_De_Leon.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink David_Nieto.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink David_de_Aaron_de_Sola.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Dutch-Jewish.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Dutch_Brazil.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Dutch_Republic.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Dutch_West_India_Company.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Dutch_West_Indies_Company.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Elijah_Montalto.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Europe.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink France.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Frieda_Belinfante.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink George_Maduro.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Glückstadt.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Haarlem.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Hazzan.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Hedy_dAncona.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink History_of_the_Jews_in_Amsterdam.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Holland.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Holocaust.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Orange.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Orange-Nassau.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Iberian_Peninsula.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Iberian_peninsula.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Inquisition.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Isaac_Aboab_da_Fonseca.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Isaac_da_Costa.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Israel.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Jacob_Abendana.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Jacques_dAncona.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Jews_in_Turkey.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Joseph_Bueno.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Judaism.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Levant.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Manasseh_ben_Israel.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Marrano.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Marranos.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Maurice_of_Nassau,_Prince_of_Orange.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Menasseh_Ben_Israel.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Middelburg.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Morocco.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Moses_Raphael_de_Aguilar.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Netherlands.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Neve_Campbell.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink North_Africa.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Northern_Africa.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Ophir_Pines-Paz.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Ouderkerk_aan_de_Amstel.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Portugal.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Portugees-Israëlitisch_Kerkgenootschap.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Portuguese_Inquisition.
- Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands wikiPageWikiLink Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam).