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- Saporin abstract "Saporin /ˈsæpərɨn/ is a protein that is useful in biological research applications, especially studies of behavior. Saporin is a so-called ribosome inactivating protein (RIP), due to its N-glycosidase activity, from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis (common name: soapwort). It was first described by Fiorenzo Stirpe and his colleagues in 1983 in an article that illustrated the unusual stability of the protein.Among the RIPs are some of the most toxic molecules known, including ricin and abrin (the latter is the poison preferred by the characters in The Blue Lagoon). These toxins contain second protein strand that inserts the RIP into a cell, making it able to enzymatically inactivate the ribosomes, shutting down protein synthesis and resulting in cell death, and eventually causing death of the victim. Saporin has no chain capable of inserting it into the cell. Thus it and the soapwort plant are safe to handle. This has aided its use in research.If given a method of entry into the cell, saporin becomes a very potent toxin, since its enzymatic activity is among the highest of all RIPs. The enzymatic activity of RIPs is unusually specific: a single adenine base is removed from the ribosomal RNA of the large subunit of the ribosome. This is the Achilles’ heel of the ribosome; the removal of this base completely inhibits the ability of that ribosome to participate in protein synthesis. The fungal toxin alpha-sarcin cuts the ribosomal RNA at the adjacent base, also causing protein synthesis inhibition.The conversion of saporin into a toxin has been used to create a series of research molecules. Attachment of saporin to something that enters the cell will convert it into a toxin for that cell. If the agent is specific for a single cell type, by being an antibody specific for some molecule that is only presented on the surface of the target cell type, then a set group of cells can be removed. This has many applications, some more successful than others. Saporin is not the only molecule that is used in this way; the enzymatic chain of ricin, the RIP gelonin, the enzymatic chain of Pseudomonas exotoxin, the enzymatic chain of diphtheria toxin have also been used, again with variations in success.Immunotoxins consisting of a monoclonal antibody linked to saporin have been developed and evaluated in formal clinical trials in patients with leukaemia and lymphoma in the UK and Germany. One disadvantage of these types of immunotoxin for clinical use is their relatively narrow therapeutic window and associated potentially life threatening toxicities at dose levels that are therapeutic. During the past 15 years the research group of Dr David Flavell at Southampton General Hospital in the UK have been investigating various ways of improving the potency and widening the therapeutic window for saporin-based immunotoxins thereby opening up new possibilities for this class of drug. Most recently saponins (not to be confused with saporin) from Gypsophila paniculata have been show to significantly augment saporin-based immunotoxins directed against human cancer cells by several orders of magnitude.In the last 15 years, in research begun by R. G. Wiley of Vanderbilt University, saporin has been used mainly to target specific neuronal populations in lab animals and eliminate them. This allows the researcher to observe the behavioral changes and associate them with the neuronal populations that were eliminated. For instance, the elimination of the cholinergic neurons of the rat basal forebrain by the toxin created by attaching saporin to an antibody that attaches to, and then internalizes into, only these neurons has created a mimic for the crucial result of Alzheimer's disease in humans. In this way, collateral results of the progression of the disease or drugs for the intervention can be studied. More than 300 scientific articles have been published utilizing saporin for study of the nervous systems, and more than 15 specific toxins have been created.Saporin’s success is probably due to its stability. Santanche et al. have evaluated the physical characteristics of the protein and conclude “(t)he remarkable resistance of saporin to denaturation and proteolysis suggests this protein as an ideal candidate for biotechnological applications”.".
- Saporin wikiPageID "12682567".
- Saporin wikiPageLength "6549".
- Saporin wikiPageOutDegree "33".
- Saporin wikiPageRevisionID "679043375".
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Abrin.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Adenine.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Alzheimers_disease.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Animal_testing.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Antibody.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Biology.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Category:Proteins.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Category:Ribosome-inactivating_proteins.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Cell_(biology).
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Clinical_trial.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Clinical_trials.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink David_Flavell.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Denaturation_(biochemistry).
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Diphtheria.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Enzyme.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Forebrain.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Gelonin.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Gypsophila_paniculata.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Immunotoxin.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Immunotoxins.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Molecule.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Monoclonal_antibody.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Protein_synthesis.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Proteolysis.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Pseudomonas.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink RNA.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Ribosome-inactivating_protein.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Ribosome_inactivating_protein.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Ricin.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Saponaria_officinalis.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Saponin.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Saponins.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink The_Blue_Lagoon_(1980_film).
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Therapeutic_index.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Therapeutic_window.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Toxic.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Toxicity.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLink Vanderbilt_University.
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLinkText "Saporin".
- Saporin wikiPageWikiLinkText "saporin".
- Saporin hasPhotoCollection Saporin.
- Saporin wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:IPAc-en.
- Saporin wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Saporin subject Category:Proteins.
- Saporin subject Category:Ribosome-inactivating_proteins.
- Saporin hypernym Protein.
- Saporin type Biomolecule.
- Saporin type Protein.
- Saporin type Biomolecule.
- Saporin type Nutrient.
- Saporin comment "Saporin /ˈsæpərɨn/ is a protein that is useful in biological research applications, especially studies of behavior. Saporin is a so-called ribosome inactivating protein (RIP), due to its N-glycosidase activity, from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis (common name: soapwort).".
- Saporin label "Saporin".
- Saporin sameAs Saporin.
- Saporin sameAs m.02x0brp.
- Saporin sameAs Q2224066.
- Saporin sameAs Q2224066.
- Saporin wasDerivedFrom Saporin?oldid=679043375.
- Saporin isPrimaryTopicOf Saporin.