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- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham abstract "This article is about the Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; for Justice Peckham's father of the same name who served in the U.S. House of Representatives, see Rufus Wheeler Peckham (1809–1873).Rufus Wheeler Peckham (November 8, 1838 – October 24, 1909) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1895 until 1909. He was known for his strong use of substantive due process to invalidate regulations of business and property. Peckham's namesake father was also a lawyer and judge, and a congressman. His older brother, Wheeler Hazard Peckham (1833 – 1905), was one of the lawyers who prosecuted Boss Tweed, and a failed nominee to the Supreme Court. His other brother, Joseph Henry, died at the age of 17.Peckham was born in Albany, New York, to Rufus Wheeler Peckham and Isabella Adeline; his mother died when he was only nine. Following his graduation from The Albany Academy, he followed in his father's footsteps as a lawyer, being admitted to the bar in Albany in 1859 after teaching himself law by studying in his father's office. After a decade of private practice, Peckham served as the Albany district attorney from 1869 from 1872. Peckham then returned to private legal practice and served as counsel to the City of Albany, until being elected as a trial judge on the New York Supreme Court in 1883. In 1886, Peckham was elected to the New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in the state. While sitting as an associate judge on the New York Court of Appeals, Peckham also served as a member of the Albany Law School Board of Trustees. His appointment to the New York Court of Appeals was the third position that Peckham had held after his father, who had also served as the Albany D.A., on the New York Supreme Court, and finally on the Court of Appeals until his death in the 1873 Ville du Havre sinking. Peckham was active in local Democratic politics, and served as a New York delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention. He was also a confidant to such tycoons as J. Pierpont Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and John D. Rockefeller. Many believed these relationships predisposed Peckham to favor business interests while on the Supreme Court.Rufus Peckham's brother Wheeler was a nominee to the U.S. Supreme Court by President Grover Cleveland, in 1894. However, this nomination was caught in the middle of a political tug-of-war between Cleveland and New York Senator David Hill, and Wheeler was the second nominee of Cleveland's that Hill managed to block; Senator Edward Douglass White was instead confirmed to the Court. By the time another seat on the Court was vacant after the death of Howell E. Jackson in 1895, Hill was weakened politically and Cleveland turned to Rufus Peckham, who was confirmed within six days on December of that year (by a Republican-controlled Senate) and took his oath of office in January 1896. Peckham remains the last Supreme Court Justice nominated by a Democratic President when the Senate had a Republican majority.Peckham's stint on the Court has been called by many scholars the height of "laissez-faire" constitutionalism, during which the Court regularly struck down efforts to regulate labor standards and relations. Peckham's most notorious opinion was in Lochner v. New York (1905), in which the Court invalidated a limitation on bakers' working hours to sixty per week as being contrary to the individual right to freely contract, and as being unnecessary to protect health or safety. In the same opinion, Peckham upheld other workplace regulations relating to baker's facilities that he did believe justified limitations on the freedom of contract. Beyond Lochner, Peckham is perhaps best known for his expansive interpretation of the Sherman antitrust law, in which he saw the goal of protecting consumer welfare. His opinions on civil rights for African Americans are remarkable only for the abandonment of his usual antistatism in voting to uphold Jim Crow laws - the most notable being Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), in which he silently joined the majority. On the other hand, he and Justice David Brewer were far more likely than any of their colleagues to vote in favor of Chinese litigants in the many immigration cases that came before the Court.Justice Peckham authored the landmark decision in Ex parte Young (1908), which held that a federal court may issue an injunction against a State officer to prevent the enforcement of an invalid State law.Peckham served on the Court until his death on October 24, 1909, at age 70, writing 303 opinions and dissenting only nine times. He was buried in Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York, later to be joined by his wife, Harriette Maria Arnold (December 13, 1839 - July 25, 1917). They both outlived both of their sons: Henry Arnold (August 6, 1868 – February 16, 1907) and Rufus Wheeler Jr. (January 28, 1870 – September 16, 1899).".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthDate "1838-11-08".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthPlace Albany,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthPlace New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthYear "1838".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham deathDate "1909-10-24".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham deathPlace Altamont,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham deathYear "1909".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham orderInOffice "Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham successor Horace_Harmon_Lurton.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham thumbnail Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham_cph.3b30513.jpg?width=300.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageID "911134".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageLength "8880".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageOutDegree "64".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageRevisionID "660683293".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Albany,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Albany_Law_School.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Albany_Rural_Cemetery.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Altamont,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Boss_Tweed.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:1838_births.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:1909_deaths.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:American_Episcopalians.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:Burials_at_Albany_Rural_Cemetery.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:New_York_Court_of_Appeals_judges.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:New_York_Democrats.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:New_York_lawyers.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:People_from_Albany,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:Union_College_(New_York)_alumni.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_justices.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Category:United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Cornelius_Vanderbilt.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink David_B._Hill.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink David_Josiah_Brewer.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Democratic_National_Convention.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Democratic_Party_(United_States).
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Due_process.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Edward_Douglass_White.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Ex_parte_Young.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Grover_Cleveland.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Horace_Harmon_Lurton.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Howell_E._Jackson.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Howell_Edmunds_Jackson.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Injunction.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink J._P._Morgan.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink J._Pierpont_Morgan.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink John_D._Rockefeller.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Justice_David_Brewer.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Laissez-faire.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Lochner_v._New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Melville_Fuller.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Menands,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink New_York_Court_of_Appeals.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink New_York_Supreme_Court.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Plessy_v._Ferguson.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham_(1809–1873).
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink SS_Ville_du_Havre.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink The_Albany_Academy.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Democratic_Party.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink United_States_House_of_Representatives.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Senate.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Ville_du_Havre.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink William_M._Tweed.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink File:Peckham_Nomination.JPG.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLink File:Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham_grave.jpg.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Justice Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "R. W. Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rufus Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rufus W. Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rufus W. Peckham, Jr".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rufus W. Peckham, Jr.".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rufus Wheeler Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham wikiPageWikiLinkText "Rufus Wheeler Peckham, Jr.".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham after Horace_Harmon_Lurton.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham before Howell_Edmunds_Jackson.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthDate "1838-11-08".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthPlace Albany,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham birthPlace New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham cj "Melville Weston Fuller".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham dateOfBirth "1838-11-08".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham dateOfDeath "1909-10-24".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham deathDate "1909-10-24".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham deathPlace Altamont,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham hasPhotoCollection Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham imagesize "250".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham name "Peckham, Rufus".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham name "Rufus Wheeler Peckham".
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham nominator Grover_Cleveland.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham office Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham placeOfBirth Albany,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham placeOfBirth New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham placeOfDeath Altamont,_New_York.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham predecessor Howell_Edmunds_Jackson.
- Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham shortDescription "American judge".