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- Revolutions_of_1989 abstract "The Revolutions of 1989 were part of a revolutionary wave that resulted in the Fall of Communism in the Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe and beyond. The period is sometimes called the Autumn of Nations, a play on the term "Springtime of Nations" sometimes used to describe the Revolutions of 1848.The events began in Poland in 1989, and continued in Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. One feature common to most of these developments was the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country whose people overthrew its Communist regime violently; however, in Romania itself and in some other places, there was some violence inflicted by the regime upon the population. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 failed to stimulate major political changes in China. However, powerful images of courageous defiance during that protest helped to spark a precipitation of events in other parts of the globe. The same day June 4, Solidarity won an overwhelming victory in a partially free election in Poland leading to the peaceful fall of Communism in that country in the summer of 1989. Hungary physically dismantled its section of the Iron Curtain leading to a mass exodus of East Germans through Hungary and destabilizing East Germany. This would lead to mass demonstrations in cities such as Leipzig and subsequently to the fall of the Berlin Wall, which served as the symbolic gateway to German reunification in 1990.The Soviet Union was dissolved by the end of 1991, resulting in 14 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan) declaring their independence from the Soviet Union in the course of the years 1990-91 and the bulk of the country being succeeded by Russia in December 1991. Communism was abandoned in Albania and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992, the latter country having split into five successor states by 1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro, and later still split into two states, Serbia and Montenegro). Serbia was then further split with the breakaway of the partially recognized state of Kosovo. Czechoslovakia too was dissolved three years after the end of communist rule, splitting peacefully into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1992. The impact was felt in dozens of Socialist countries. Communism was abandoned in countries such as Cambodia, Ethiopia, Mongolia, and South Yemen. The collapse of Communism (and of the Soviet Union) led commentators to declare the end of the Cold War.In the years immediately following 1989, the fall of Apartheid system, the end of Chilean Military Dictatorship, the democratization of Ghana and Suriname, the fall of communist party in Italy and San Marino, and the renewal of the Italian political class were recorded.During the adoption of varying forms of market economy there was initially a general decline in living standards. Political reforms were varied but in only five countries were Communist institutions able to keep for themselves a monopoly on power: China, Cuba, North Korea, Laos, and Vietnam. Many Communist and Socialist organisations in the West turned their guiding principles over to social democracy. The European political landscape was drastically changed, with numerous Eastern Bloc countries joining NATO and stronger European economic and social integration entailed.".
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1974_Yugoslav_Constitution.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1981_protests_in_Kosovo.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1987_Constitution_of_Ethiopia.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1988_Polish_strikes.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1990_Democratic_Revolution_in_Mongolia.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1991-1992_South_Ossetia_War.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1991_Soviet_coup_dxc3xa9tat_attempt.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1991–92_South_Ossetia_War.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1994_civil_war_in_Yemen.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1995.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1996.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 1999.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 2009_Moldova_civil_unrest.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 2014_Crimean_Crisis.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 8888_Uprising.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink 9_April_tragedy.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Afghanistan.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Albania.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Albanian_Constitutional_Assembly_election,_1991.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_Dubček.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician).
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alexanderplatz_demonstration.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alfredo_Stroessner.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alliance_of_Democrats_(Poland).
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alliance_of_Free_Democrats.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Allies_of_World_War_II.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Alma-Ata_Protocol.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Angolan_Civil_War.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Apartheid.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Apparatchik.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink April_2009_Moldovan_parliamentary_election_protests.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink April_9_tragedy.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Arab_Spring.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Aristocracy_(class).
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Armenia.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Asian_Development_Bank.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Askar_Akayev.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Atlantic_Revolutions.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink August_1994_protest_in_Cuba.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Augusto_Pinochet.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Austria.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Authoritarianism.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Balcerowicz_Plan.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944–91).
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Bank_Square,_Warsaw.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Belarus.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Belarusian_Supreme_Soviet_election,_1990.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Belavezha_Accords.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Bicameral_legislature.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Bolsheviks.
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- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Brazilian_presidential_election,_1989.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Braşov_Rebellion.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Brașov_Rebellion.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Brezhnev_Doctrine.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Brezhnev_stagnation.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Brotherhood_and_unity.
- Revolutions_of_1989 wikiPageWikiLink Bulgaria.