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- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory abstract "Rather than seeing aging as a loss of functionality as we get older, this theory defines aging as any change in an organism over time, as evidenced by the fact that if all chemical reactions in the body were stopped, no change, and thus no aging, would occur. Since the most important change in an organism through time is the chemical reactions that result in a single cell developing into a multicellular organism, whatever controls these chemical reactions that regulate cell growth, development, and death, is believed to control aging. The theory argues that these cellular changes are directed by reproductive hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis). Receptors for reproductive hormones (such as estrogens, progestagens, androgens and gonadotropins) have been found to be present in all tissues of the body. Thus, HPG axis hormones normally promote growth and development of the organism early in life in order to achieve reproduction. Hormones levels then begin to change in men around age 30 and more abruptly in women when they reach menopause, around age 50. When the HPG axis becomes unbalanced, cellular growth and development is dysregulated, and cell death and dysfunction can occur, both of which can initiate senescence, the accumulated damage to cells, tissues, and organs that occurs with the passage of time and that is associated with functional loss during aging.Evidence supporting this theory comes from disease studies showing that women who reach menopause later have less heart disease and stroke, less dementia, and less osteoporosis, supporting the theory that the longer the HPG axis is in balance, the less likely one is to develop age-related diseases. Conversely, early surgical menopause has been demonstrated to increase the incidence of these diseases. However, the most compelling supportive evidence is from studies of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Research with women and men undertaking HRT has shown that taking sex hormones that are biologically identical to human hormones delays the onset, decreases the incidence of, and can reverse the course of age related illnesses such as heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and some types of cancer. However, only biological hormones appear to have these effects. The use of non-human or synthetic hormones has been shown to increase the risk of certain of these diseases. Compellingly, 18 studies have demonstrated an increase in longevity for those women taking HRT.Further studies in support of the theory have shown that suppressing the HPG axis, such as when organisms experience either caloric restriction, cold, or exercise stress, increases lifespan. This is thought to be an evolutionary conserved mechanism that allows organisms to suppress HPG axis signaling and reproduction, thereby conserving reproductive resources (germ cells) for a later time when the environment is better suited to raising offspring. By having the same hormones regulate both reproduction and aging, an animal is able to modulate its fertility and its rate of aging based on environmental conditions.Recent parabiosis studies prove many of the tenets of the Reproductive Cell-Cycle Theory of Aging. In these experiments, where a young mouse is coupled surgically with an aged mouse, circulating factors from the young mouse rejuvenates the tissues of the old mice. In particular, these studies indicate the importance of circulating factors in regulating the maintenance of neuronal (Villeda et al., 2011), vascular (Katsimpardi et al., 2014), muscular and liver (Conboy et al., 2005; Sinha et al., 2014) structure and function.".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageExternalLink atwood.htm.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageID "31695191".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageLength "4492".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageOutDegree "21".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageRevisionID "641430212".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Ageing.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Alzheimers_disease.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Caloric_restriction.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Calorie_restriction.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Cancer.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Cardiovascular_disease.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Endocrinology.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Gerontology.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Human_reproduction.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Proximate_theories_of_biological_aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Theories_of_aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Theories_of_biological_aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Dementia.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Endocrinology_of_reproduction.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Fertility.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Germ_cell.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Germ_cells.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink HPG_axis.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Heart_disease.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause).
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal_axis.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Menopause.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Osteoporosis.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Senescence.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLink Stroke.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLinkText "Reproductive-cell cycle theory".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageWikiLinkText "reproductive-cell cycle theory".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory hasPhotoCollection Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Multiple_issues.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory subject Category:Endocrinology.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory subject Category:Gerontology.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory subject Category:Human_reproduction.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory subject Category:Proximate_theories_of_biological_aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory subject Category:Theories_of_aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory subject Category:Theories_of_biological_aging.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory type Article.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory type Article.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory type Classification.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory type Science.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory type Specialty.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory type Theory.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory comment "Rather than seeing aging as a loss of functionality as we get older, this theory defines aging as any change in an organism over time, as evidenced by the fact that if all chemical reactions in the body were stopped, no change, and thus no aging, would occur.".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory label "Reproductive-cell cycle theory".
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory sameAs نظرية_دورة_الخلية_التناسلية.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory sameAs m.0gmf2cw.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory sameAs Q7314302.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory sameAs Q7314302.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory wasDerivedFrom Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory?oldid=641430212.
- Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory isPrimaryTopicOf Reproductive-cell_cycle_theory.