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- Redistricting abstract "Redistricting is the process of drawing United States electoral district boundaries.In 33 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor. To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, seven states (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, New Jersey and Washington) determine congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan redistricting commission. Four states, Florida, Iowa, Maine, and New York give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming.State constitutions and laws also mandate which body has responsibility over drawing the state legislature boundaries. In addition, those municipal governments that are elected on a district basis (as opposed to at-large) also redistrict.Each state has its own standards for creating Congressional and legislative districts. In addition to equalizing the population of districts and complying with Federal requirements, criteria may include attempting to create compact, contiguous districts, trying to keep political units and communities within a single district, and avoiding the drawing of boundaries for purposes of partisan advantage or incumbent protection. In the states where the legislature (or another body where a partisan majority is possible) is in charge of redistricting, the possibility of gerrymandering (the deliberate manipulation of political boundaries for electoral advantage, usually of incumbents or a specific political party) often makes the process very politically contentious, especially when the majorities of the two houses of the legislature, or the legislature and the governor, are from different parties. The state and federal court systems are often involved in resolving disputes over Congressional and legislative redistricting when gridlock prevents redistricting in a timely manner. In addition, the losers to an adopted redistricting plan often challenge it in state and federal courts. Justice Department approval (which is known as pre clearance) was formerly required under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in certain states that have had a history of racial barriers to voting.Partisan domination of state legislatures and improved technology to design contiguous districts that pack opponents into as few districts as possible have led to district maps which are skewed towards one party. Consequently many states including Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Texas have succeeded in reducing or effectively eliminating competition for most House seats in those states. In 2003 Republicans in Texas increased their representation in the U.S. House through a controversial mid-decade redistricting. Other states including California, New Jersey and New York have opted to protect incumbents of both parties, again reducing the number of competitive districts. The Supreme Court's ruling on the Pennsylvania gerrymander effectively cemented the right of elected officials to select their constituents by eliminating most of the grounds for disenfranchised constituents to challenge gerrymandered lines.Redistricting has to follow certain criteria to be accepted. compactness contiguity equal population preservation of existing political communities partisan fairness racial fairness ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑".
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink cdmaps.polisci.ucla.edu.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink redistricting.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink bdy_us.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink congApp.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink www.aceproject.org.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink a_citizens_guide_to_redistricting_2010_edition.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink RedistrictingNews.htm.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink c2kbr01-7.pdf.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink archive.mpl?id=1991_805597.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink www.floridaredistricting.org.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink redistricting.html.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink www.publicmapping.org.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink www.redistrictinggame.org.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink www.redistrictinginamerica.org.
- Redistricting wikiPageExternalLink www.rosereport.org.
- Redistricting wikiPageID "667093".
- Redistricting wikiPageLength "9420".
- Redistricting wikiPageOutDegree "68".
- Redistricting wikiPageRevisionID "681827563".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink 2003_Texas_redistricting.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Alaska.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Apportionment_(politics).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Arizona.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink At-large.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Attendance_zone.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Board_of_education.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink California.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Category:Redistricting.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Child.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Delaware.
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- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Electoral_district.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Elementary_school.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Florida.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink For_sale_by_owner.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Georgia_(U.S._state).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Gerrymandering.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Governor_(United_States).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Hawaii.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink High_school.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Home.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Houston_Chronicle.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Idaho.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Incumbent.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Iowa.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Local_government_in_the_United_States.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Maine.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Marketing.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Maryland.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Michigan.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Middle_school.
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- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink New_Jersey.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink New_York.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink North_Dakota.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Occupancy.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Office_of_the_Clerk.
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- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Pennsylvania.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Political_party.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink ProPublica.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Protest.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Public_school_(government_funded).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Purdue_University.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Real_estate.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Redistricting_commission.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Republican_Party_(United_States).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Resale.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Reseller.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink School_board.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink School_bus.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink School_district.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink South_Dakota.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink State_legislature_(United_States).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink State_school.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Texas.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Census.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Department_of_Justice.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink United_States_House_of_Representatives.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink United_States_congressional_apportionment.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Value_(economics).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Vermont.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Voting_Rights_Act.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Washington_(state).
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLink Wyoming.
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "Congressional redistricting".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "District boundaries".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "Not Allocated".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "Redistribution".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "Redistricted".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "Redistricting".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "apportioning".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "decennial reapportionment in 2011".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "distribution".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "districts were redrawn".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "electoral redistribution".
- Redistricting wikiPageWikiLinkText "legislative redistricting".