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- Radiocarbon_dating abstract "Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon (14C), a radioactive isotope of carbon.The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists. Libby received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1960. The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide, which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis; animals then acquire 14C by eating the plants. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and from that point onwards the amount of 14C it contains begins to reduce as the 14C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the amount of 14C in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died. The older a sample is, the less 14C there is to be detected, and because the half-life of 14C (the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed) is about 5,730 years, the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by radiocarbon dating are around 50,000 years ago, although special preparation methods occasionally permit dating of older samples.The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward, but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained. Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of 14C in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years. The resulting data, in the form of a calibration curve, is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample's calendar age. Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of 14C in different types of organisms (fractionation), and the varying levels of 14C throughout the biosphere (reservoir effects). Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s. Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its 14C to decay below detectable levels, they contain almost no 14C, and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of 14C in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century. Conversely, nuclear testing increased the amount of 14C in the atmosphere, which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began.Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices, which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying 14C atoms in a sample. More recently, accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice; it counts all the 14C atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples (as small as individual plant seeds), and gives results much more quickly. The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology. In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods, it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances. Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the "radiocarbon revolution". Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated, such as the end of the last ice age, and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions.".
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- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageExternalLink Walker_2005_QuaternaryDatingMethods.pdf.
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- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Accelerator_mass_spectrometry.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Akrotiri_(Santorini).
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Aluminium-26.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Antineutrino.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Aragonite.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Aramaic_language.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Archaeological_association.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Archaeology.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Argon–argon_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Asphalt.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Atmospheric_circulation.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Bayesian_inference.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Becquerel.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Before_Present.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Before_present.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Benzene.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Beryllium-10.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Beta_particle.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Beta_radiation.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Biosphere.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Bitumen.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Bronze_Age.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Calcite.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Calcium_carbonate.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Calculation_of_radiocarbon_dates.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Carbon.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-12.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-13.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-14.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:American_inventions.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:Carbon.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:Conservation_and_restoration.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:Isotopes_of_carbon.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:Radioactivity.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:Radiocarbon_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Category:Radiometric_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Cementite.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Chlorine-36.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Collagen.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Conchiolin.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Coral.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Cosmic_ray.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Cosmic_rays.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Dead_Sea.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Dead_Sea_Scrolls.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Dendrochronology.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Deuterium.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Deuteron.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Djoser.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Electron.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Electron_spin_resonance_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Electronic_anticoincidence.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Ernst_Antevs.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Essenes.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Faraday_cup.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Fission_track_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Foraminifera.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Fossil_fuel.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Fossil_fuels.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Geiger_counter.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Great_Isaiah_scroll.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Half-life.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Hans_Suess.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Hard_water.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Hebrew_language.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Helium-3.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Holocene.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Humin.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Humins.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Humus.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Hydroxyproline.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink International_System_of_Units.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Iron_carbide.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Isaiah_scroll.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Isotope.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Isotope_enrichment.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Isotope_separation.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_neon.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_nitrogen.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink James_R._Arnold.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink K-Ar_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink K–Ar_dating.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Lawrence_Radiation_Laboratory.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Limestone.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Liquid_scintillation_counting.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Macrofossil.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Mass_spectrometry.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Methane.
- Radiocarbon_dating wikiPageWikiLink Neanderthal.