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- Portuguese_Colonial_War abstract "The Portuguese Colonial War (Portuguese: Guerra Colonial Portuguesa), also known in Portugal as the Overseas War (Guerra do Ultramar) or in the former colonies as the War of Liberation (Guerra de Libertação), was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974. The Portuguese regime was overthrown by a military coup in 1974, and the change in government brought the conflict to an end. The war was a decisive ideological struggle in Lusophone Africa and surrounding nations and mainland Portugal.The prevalent Portuguese and international historical approach considers the Portuguese Colonial War as a single conflict fought in three separate theaters of operations (Angola, Portuguese Guinea, and Mozambique). However, some other approaches consider the existence of three distinct conflicts, the Angolan War of Independence, the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence, and the Mozambican War of Independence. Occasionally, the brief conflict that led to the 1961 Indian Annexation of Goa is also included in the historical scope of the Portuguese Colonial War.Unlike other European nations during the 1950s and 1960s, the Portuguese Estado Novo regime did not withdraw from its African colonies, or the overseas provinces (províncias ultramarinas) as those territories had been officially called since 1951. During the 1960s, various armed independence movements became active in these Portugal-administered territories, namely in Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea. During the ensuing conflict, atrocities were committed by all forces involved. The decolonization and independence of several African states after World War II, the Invasion of Goa by Indian Armed Forces and the Santa Maria hijacking, and the achievements of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, were also signs of the "Winds of change" supporting independence movements in Portuguese Africa.Throughout the war period Portugal faced increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. By 1973, the war had become increasingly unpopular due to its length and financial costs, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations members, and the role it had always played as a factor of perpetuation of the entrenched Estado Novo regime and the non-democratic status quo. The guerrilla forces of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Liberation Front of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola in Angola, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde in Portuguese Guinea, and the Mozambique Liberation Front in Mozambique, succeeded in their 13-year-long pro-independence rebellions through guerrilla warfare after a military coup at Lisbon in April 1974. The coup was staged by low-ranking elements of the Portuguese Armed Forces, mostly veteran captains of Guinea where the war had more human costs, and also, unlike the other theaters of war, where the military could not control part of the territory.The Armed Forces Movement (Movimento das Forças Armadas) overthrew the Estado Novo government in response to the ongoing and stalemated war in Portuguese Guinea, and in rebellion against the unpopular new military laws that were to be presented the following year (Decree Law: Decretos-Leis n.os 353, de 13 de Julho de 1973, e 409, de 20 de Agosto). Under these laws, by militia officers who completed a brief training program and had served in the overseas territories' defensive campaigns, could be commissioned at the same rank as military academy graduates. After the coup, the newly installed revolutionary Portuguese government withdrew all overseas military forces and agreed to a quick handover of power for the African guerrillas.The end of the war after the Carnation Revolution military coup of April 1974 in Lisbon resulted in the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Portuguese citizens plus military personnel of European, African and mixed ethnicity from the former Portuguese territories and newly independent African nations. From May 1974 to the end of the 1970s, over 1 million citizens left these former colonies, and would restart their lives predominantly in Portugal, South Africa, North America, the rest of Western Europe and Brazil. This migration is regarded as one of the largest peaceful migrations in the world's history.The former colonies faced severe problems after independence. Devastating and violent civil wars followed in Angola and Mozambique, which lasted several decades, claimed millions of lives, and resulted in large numbers of displaced refugees. Economic and social recession, authoritarianism, lack of democracy and other elemental civil and political rights, corruption, poverty, inequality, and failed central planning eroded the initial revolutionary zeal. A level of social order and economic development comparable to what had existed under Portuguese rule, including during the period of the Colonial War, became the goal of the independent territories.Portugal had been the first modern European power to establish a colony in Africa when it captured Ceuta in 1415; it became one of the last to leave. The former Portuguese territories in Africa became sovereign states, with Agostinho Neto in Angola, Samora Machel in Mozambique, Luís Cabral in Guinea-Bissau, Manuel Pinto da Costa in São Tomé and Príncipe, and Aristides Pereira in Cape Verde as the heads of state.".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War causalties "15,507 wounded (physical and/or psychological)".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War causalties "8,827 killed".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "FLEC".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "FNLA".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "FRELIMO".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "MPLA".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "PAIGC".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "Portugal".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War combatant "UNITA".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Agostinho_Neto.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Américo_Tomás.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Amílcar_Cabral.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander António_Augusto_dos_Santos.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander António_de_Oliveira_Salazar.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander António_de_Spínola.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Domingos_Ramos.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Eduardo_Mondlane.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Filipe_Samuel_Magaia.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Francisco_Mende.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Francisco_da_Costa_Gomes.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Holden_Roberto.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Joaquim_Chissano.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Jonas_Savimbi.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander José_Eduardo_dos_Santos.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander João_Bernardo_Vieira.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Kaúlza_de_Arriaga.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Luís_Cabral.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Lúcio_Lara.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Marcelo_Caetano.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Otelo_Saraiva_de_Carvalho.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Pansau_Na_Isna.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War commander Samora_Machel.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War date "1961-02-04".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War isPartOfMilitaryConflict Cold_War.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War isPartOfMilitaryConflict Decolonization_of_Africa.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War place Portuguese_Angola.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War place Portuguese_Guinea.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War place Portuguese_Mozambique.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War result "*Fall of the Estado Novo regime (Carnation Revolution)".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War result "*Political, social and diplomatic erosion of the Estado Novo regime".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War result "*Portuguese military victory in Angola and Mozambique. Portugal regains full control of the territory of Angola and almost all of Mozambique by the end of the conflict (1974); maintenance of the nationalist movements´s headquarters and its political bodies in neighboring countries during the war. Military stalemate or Portuguese partial defeat in Portuguese Guinea.".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War result "*Subsequent withdrawal of all Portuguese troops from Africa under theLusakaandAlvoragreements.".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War result "Independence ofAngola,Cape Verde,Guinea Bissau,MozambiqueandSão Tomé e Principe:".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "10,000 in Portuguese Guinea".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "10-15,000 in Mozambique".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "148,000 European Portuguese regular troops;".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "18,000 in Angola".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "32,000 in Portuguese Guinea".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "38,000-43,000 Guerrillas;".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "51,000 in Mozambique".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War strength "65,000 in Angola".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War thumbnail Guerra_Colonial_Portuguesa.jpg?width=300.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageExternalLink Síntese%20Biográfica.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageExternalLink www.guerracolonial.org.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageID "2314240".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageLength "129294".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageOutDegree "613".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageRevisionID "682788315".
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink %22Non%22,_ou_A_Vã_Glória_de_Mandar.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 12.7×108mm.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 12_mm_caliber.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 14.5×114mm.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 1961_Indian_Annexation_of_Goa.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 7.62×25mm_Tokarev.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 7.62×39mm.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 7.62×51mm_NATO.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 7.62×54mmR.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 7.92×57mm_Mauser.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 8×59mm_RB_Breda.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 9K32_Strela-2.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink 9×19mm_Parabellum.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink A._H._de_Oliveira_Marques.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink AK-47.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink AR-10.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Adrian_Hastings.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Adriano_Moreira.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1954–68).
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955–1968).
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink African_slave_trade.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Agostinho_Neto.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Agostinho_Neto_University.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Ahmed_Sékou_Touré.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Air_support.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Algeria.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Algiers.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Almeida_Bruno.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Alvor_Agreement.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Américo_Tomás.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Amílcar_Cabral.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink An_eye_for_an_eye.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Anglo-Portuguese_alliance.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Angola.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Angola_(Portugal).
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Angolan_Civil_War.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Angolan_Dragoons.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Angolan_War_of_Independence.
- Portuguese_Colonial_War wikiPageWikiLink Anti-aircraft_warfare.