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- Pitman_shorthand abstract "Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. As of 1996, Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States.One characteristic feature of Pitman shorthand is that unvoiced and voiced pairs of sounds (such as /p/ and /b/ or /t/ and /d/) are represented by strokes which differ only in thickness; the thin stroke representing "light" sounds such as /p/ and /t/; the thick stroke representing "heavy" sounds such as /b/ and /d/. Doing this requires a writing instrument responsive to the user's drawing pressure: specialist fountain pens (with fine, flexible nibs) were originally used, but pencils are now more commonly used.Pitman shorthand uses straight strokes and quarter-circle strokes, in various orientations, to represent consonant sounds. The predominant way of indicating vowels is to use light or heavy dots, dashes, or other special marks drawn close to the consonant. Vowels are drawn before the stroke (or over a horizontal stroke) if the vowel is pronounced ahead of the consonant, and after the stroke (or under a horizontal stroke) if pronounced after the consonant. Each vowel, whether indicated by a dot for a short vowel or by a dash for a longer, more drawn-out vowel, has its own position relative to its adjacent stroke (beginning, middle, or end) to indicate different vowel sounds in an unambiguous system. However, to increase writing speed, rules of "vowel indication" exist whereby the consonant stroke is raised, kept on the line, or lowered to match whether the first vowel of the word is written at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stroke—without actually writing the vowel. This is often enough to distinguish words with similar consonant patterns. Another method of vowel indication is to choose from among a selection of different strokes for the same consonant. For example, the sound "R" has two kinds of strokes: round, or straight-line, depending on whether there is a vowel sound before or after the R.There have been several versions of Pitman's shorthand since 1837. The original Pitman's shorthand had an "alphabet" of consonants, which was later modified. Additional modifications and rules were added to successive versions. Pitman New Era (1922–1975) had the most developed set of rules and abbreviation lists. Pitman 2000 (1975–present) introduced some simplifications and drastically reduced the list of abbreviations to reduce the memory load, officially reduced to a list of 144 short forms. The later versions dropped certain symbols and introduced other simplifications to earlier versions. For example, strokes "rer" (heavy curved downstroke) and "kway", (hooked horizontal straight stroke) are present in Pitman's New Era, but not in Pitman's 2000.".
- Pitman_shorthand thumbnail Pitman.png?width=300.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageExternalLink books?id=WBILAAAAIAAJ.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageExternalLink pitmanshorthand.homestead.com.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageExternalLink dutton-v-pitman-shorthand-alleged-libel-lawsuit.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageExternalLink cassyjanek.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageExternalLink www.long-live-pitmans-shorthand.org.uk.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageExternalLink www.shorthand.mkz.com.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageID "347175".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageLength "19084".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageOutDegree "51".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageRevisionID "680613799".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_Lincoln.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Abugida.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Alveolar_consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Australia.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Benjamin_Pitman.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Category:1837_introductions.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Category:Abjad_writing_systems.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Category:Abugida_writing_systems.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Category:Shorthand_systems.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Category:Transcription_(linguistics).
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Cincinnati.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Cincinnati,_Ohio.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Correspondence_course.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink David_R._Palmer.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Dental_consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Diphthong.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Distance_education.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink English_language.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink English_people.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Fountain_pen.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Fricative.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Fricative_consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink George_Bernard_Shaw.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Gregg_shorthand.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Henry_Sweet.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Isaac_Pitman.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Jacob_Pitman.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink John_Byrom.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink John_Robert_Gregg.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Pencil.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Phonetic.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Phonetics.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Place_of_articulation.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Plosive_consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Pygmalion_(play).
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Rookwood_Cemetery.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Rookwood_Necropolis.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Shorthand.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Stop_consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Taylor_shorthand.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Teeline.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Teeline_Shorthand.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink The_Hitchhikers_Guide_to_the_Galaxy.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink United_Kingdom.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink United_States.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Unvoiced.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Voice_(phonetics).
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Voiced.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Voiced_consonant.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Voicelessness.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Vowel.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink Western_Cree_syllabics.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink File:Pitman_Consonants.PNG.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLink File:Pitman_Short_Forms.svg.
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "English (Pitman shorthand)".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "Pitman shorthand".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "Pitman".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "Pitman's College".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "Pitman's shorthand".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "Pitman's".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "phonetic shorthand".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "phonography".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "shorthand".
- Pitman_shorthand wikiPageWikiLinkText "the shorthand system of Isaac Pitman".
- Pitman_shorthand children Western_Cree_syllabics.
- Pitman_shorthand children "Pitman's 2000".
- Pitman_shorthand children "Pitman's New Era".
- Pitman_shorthand creator Isaac_Pitman.
- Pitman_shorthand hasPhotoCollection Pitman_shorthand.
- Pitman_shorthand languages English_language.
- Pitman_shorthand name "Pitman shorthand".
- Pitman_shorthand sample "Pitman.png".
- Pitman_shorthand shdates "1837".
- Pitman_shorthand shform "geometric".
- Pitman_shorthand shline "heavy".
- Pitman_shorthand shtype Abugida.
- Pitman_shorthand time "1837".
- Pitman_shorthand type "Stenography".
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