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- Peniculid abstract "The peniculids are an order of ciliate protozoa, including the well-known Paramecium and related genera, such as Frontonia, Stokesia, Urocentrum and Lembadion. Most are relatively large, freshwater forms that feed by sweeping smaller organisms into the mouth. They have weird life cycles, and in many cases do not even form resting cysts.Typically the body has uniform, dense cilia, which also cover a vestibule preceding the mouth. Extrusomes are characteristically in the form of spindle trichocysts, which release thread-like shafts, and never mucocysts. The oral cilia include peniculi, corresponding to the membranelles of related groups, arranged parallel to the mouth deep in the oral cavity. Nematodesmata (rods) arise from the bases of the oral or perioral cilia, but these do not support a cyrtos as in some other classes. Two suborders are recognised: The Frontoniina typically have a shallow oral cavity, with a long paroral membrane and denser somatic kineties to the right of the mouth. These are called ophryokineties, and take part in forming the new mouth during cell division. The Parameciina typically have a deeper oral cavity, with peniculi mainly forward of the mouth, and the paroral membrane reduced, though still present throughout interphase.The peniculids were first defined by Fauré-Fremiet in 1956. Originally they were one of three suborders of the hymenostomes, which are now treated as subclasses of the Oligohymenophorea. They were divided into two suborders by Small and Lynn in 1985, who placed them in the class Nassophorea, owing to ultrastructural peculiarities such as the presence of nematodesmata, which was considered to indicate the cyrtos was secondarily absent. However, more recent schemes reverse this move.".
- Peniculid class Oligohymenophorea.
- Peniculid colourName "greenyellow".
- Peniculid domain Eukaryote.
- Peniculid kingdom SAR_supergroup.
- Peniculid phylum Alveolate.
- Peniculid phylum Ciliate.
- Peniculid thumbnail Paramecium.jpg?width=300.
- Peniculid wikiPageID "187178".
- Peniculid wikiPageLength "2838".
- Peniculid wikiPageOutDegree "35".
- Peniculid wikiPageRevisionID "682169154".
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Alveolata.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Alveolate.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Category:Oligohymenophorea.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Cilia.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Ciliate.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Cilium.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Clathrostomatidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Corliss.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Denis_Lynn.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Emmanuel_Fauré-Fremiet.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Eugene_Small.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Eukaryote.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Extrusome.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Frontonia.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Frontoniidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Frontoniina.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Hymenostome.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Lembadion.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Lembadionidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Maritujidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Membranelle.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Microbial_cyst.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Nassophorea.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Neobursaridiidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Oligohymenophorea.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Parameciidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Parameciina.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Paramecium.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Protozoa.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink SAR_supergroup.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Stokesia_(ciliate).
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Stokesiidae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Urocentridae.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLink Urocentrum.
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLinkText "Peniculia".
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLinkText "Peniculid".
- Peniculid wikiPageWikiLinkText "peniculid".
- Peniculid classis Oligohymenophorea.
- Peniculid color "greenyellow".
- Peniculid domain Eukaryote.
- Peniculid hasPhotoCollection Peniculid.
- Peniculid imageCaption "Paramecium aurelia".
- Peniculid name "Peniculids".
- Peniculid ordo "Peniculida".
- Peniculid ordoAuthority "Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956".
- Peniculid phylum Ciliate.
- Peniculid subdivision "Clathrostomatidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Frontoniidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Lembadionidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Maritujidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Neobursaridiidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Parameciidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Stokesiidae".
- Peniculid subdivision "Suborder Frontoniina".
- Peniculid subdivision "Suborder Parameciina".
- Peniculid subdivision "Urocentridae".
- Peniculid subdivisionRanks "Typical families".
- Peniculid superphylum Alveolata.
- Peniculid superphylum Alveolate.
- Peniculid unrankedRegnum SAR_supergroup.
- Peniculid wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Peniculid wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Taxobox.
- Peniculid wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Unreferenced.
- Peniculid wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Wikispecies.
- Peniculid subject Category:Oligohymenophorea.
- Peniculid hypernym Order.
- Peniculid type Article.
- Peniculid type Eukaryote.
- Peniculid type Species.
- Peniculid type Article.
- Peniculid type Thing.
- Peniculid type Q19088.
- Peniculid comment "The peniculids are an order of ciliate protozoa, including the well-known Paramecium and related genera, such as Frontonia, Stokesia, Urocentrum and Lembadion. Most are relatively large, freshwater forms that feed by sweeping smaller organisms into the mouth. They have weird life cycles, and in many cases do not even form resting cysts.Typically the body has uniform, dense cilia, which also cover a vestibule preceding the mouth.".
- Peniculid label "Peniculid".
- Peniculid sameAs Peniculia.
- Peniculid sameAs Peniculida.
- Peniculid sameAs m.019llm.
- Peniculid sameAs Q7162878.
- Peniculid sameAs Q7162878.
- Peniculid wasDerivedFrom Peniculid?oldid=682169154.
- Peniculid depiction Paramecium.jpg.
- Peniculid isPrimaryTopicOf Peniculid.
- Peniculid name "Peniculids".