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- Neuromodulation_(medicine) abstract "Neuromodulation, defined by the International Neuromodulation Society as “the alteration of nerve activity through the delivery of electrical stimulation or chemical agents to targeted sites of the body,” is carried out to normalize – or modulate – nerve function. Neuromodulation is an evolving therapy that can involve a range of electromagnetic stimuli such as a strong magnetic field (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation), a very small electric current, or a drug instilled directly in the subdural space (intrathecal drug delivery). Emerging applications involve targeted introduction of genes or gene regulators and light (optogenetics), and by 2014, these had been at minimum demonstrated in mammalian models, or first-in-human data had been acquired. The most clinical experience has been with electrical stimulation.Electrical stimulation using implantable devices came into modern usage in the 1980s and its techniques and applications have continued to develop and expand. The therapy employs the body's natural biological response by stimulating nerve cell activity that can influence populations of nerves by releasing transmitters, such as dopamine, or other chemical messengers such as the peptide Substance P, that can modulate the excitability and firing patterns of neural circuits. There may also be more direct electrophysiological effects on neural membranes as the mechanism of action of electrical interaction with neural elements. The end effect is a “normalization” of a neural network function from its perturbed state. Presumed mechanisms of action for neurostimulation include depolarizing blockade, stochastic normalization of neural firing, axonal blockade, reduction of neural firing keratosis, and suppression of neural network oscillations. Although the exact mechanisms of neurostimulation are not known, the empirical effectiveness has led to considerable application clinically.In general, neuromodulation systems deliver electrical currents and typically consist of the following components: An epidural, subdural or parenchymal electrode placed via minimally invasive needle techniques (so-called percutaneous leads) or an open surgical exposure to the target (surgical “paddle” or "grid" electrodes), or stereotactic implants for the central nervous system, and an implanted pulse generator (IPG). Depending on the distance from the electrode access point an extension cable may also be added into the system. The IPG can have an either a non-rechargeable battery needing replacement every 2–5 years (depending on stimulation parameters) or a rechargeable battery that is replenished via an external inductive charging system.Although most systems operate via delivery of a constant train of stimulation, there is now the advent of so-called “feed-forward” stimulation where the device's activation is contingent on a physiological event, such as an epileptic seizure. In this circumstance, the device is activated and delivers a desynchronizing pulse to the cortical area that is undergoing an epileptic seizure. This concept of feed-forward stimulation will likely become more prevalent as physiological markers of targeted diseases and neural disorders are discovered and verified. The on-demand stimulation may contribute to longer battery life, if sensing and signal-processing demands of the system are sufficiently power-efficient. New electrode designs could yield more efficient and precise stimulation, requiring less current and minimizing unwanted side-stimulation. In addition, to overcome the challenge of preventing lead migration in areas of the body that are subject to motion such as turning and bending, researchers are exploring developing small stimulation systems that are recharged wirelessly rather than through an electrical lead.".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageExternalLink articleviewer.aspx?year=2001&issue=09000&article=00005&type=abstract.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageExternalLink articleviewer.aspx?year=2002&issue=04000&article=00003&type=abstract.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageExternalLink (ISSN)1525-1403.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageExternalLink ucm078532.htm..
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageExternalLink 1st-global-guidance-announced-on-neurostimulation-for-pain.
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- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Alim-Louis_Benabid.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Alzheimers_disease.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Auditory_brainstem_implant.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Auditory_nerve.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Baclofen.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink BrainGate.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Brain_computer_interface.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Brain–computer_interface.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Cardiac_pacemaker.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Neurological_disorders.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Neurophysiology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Neuropsychology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Neurotechnology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Pain.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Physical_psychiatric_treatments.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Chronic_pain.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Cochlea.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Cochlear_implant.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Cochlear_implants.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Cochlear_nerve.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Deep_brain_stimulation.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Dopamine.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Dystonia.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Electric_current.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Epilepsy.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Essential_tremor.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Functional_electrical_stimulation.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink International_Neuromodulation_Society.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Interventional_pain_management.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Intrathecal.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Intrathecal_administration.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Neuroprosthetics.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Neurostimulation.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Neurotechnology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink North_American_Neuromodulation_Society.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Obstructive_sleep_apnea.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Optogenetics.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Parkinsons_disease.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Peptide.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Retinal_implant.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Spinal_cord.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Spinal_cord_stimulation.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Spinal_cord_stimulator.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Stroke.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Vagus_nerve_stimulation.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Visual_prosthesis.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLink Ziconotide.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Neuromodulation devices".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Neuromodulation".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLinkText "neuromodulation".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLinkText "neurostimulation".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageWikiLinkText "neurotransmitter modulator".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) hasPhotoCollection Neuromodulation_(medicine).
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:About.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Columns-list.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Main.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) subject Category:Neurological_disorders.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) subject Category:Neurophysiology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) subject Category:Neuropsychology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) subject Category:Neurotechnology.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) subject Category:Pain.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) subject Category:Physical_psychiatric_treatments.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) comment "Neuromodulation, defined by the International Neuromodulation Society as “the alteration of nerve activity through the delivery of electrical stimulation or chemical agents to targeted sites of the body,” is carried out to normalize – or modulate – nerve function.".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) label "Neuromodulation (medicine)".
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) sameAs m.0y50l9_.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) sameAs Neuromodulacija_(medicina).
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) sameAs Q17157299.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) sameAs Q17157299.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) wasDerivedFrom Neuromodulation_(medicine)?oldid=678983523.
- Neuromodulation_(medicine) isPrimaryTopicOf Neuromodulation_(medicine).