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- Müllerian_mimicry abstract "Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals. It is named after the German naturalist Fritz Müller, who first proposed the concept in 1878.The phenomenon can be understood by imagining two poisonous species that do not resemble one another and are also prey to a common predator. Occasionally, individuals of the predatory third species will encounter one or the other type of noxious prey, and thereafter avoid it. Predators that avoid only one or the other type of harmful species provide no benefit to individuals of the species that is not avoided. Therefore, it would be advantageous if the appearances of the two prey species were more similar. This is because a predator that learns to avoid either species in a pair of species exhibiting Müllerian mimicry learns, in effect, to avoid both.This strategy is usually contrasted with Batesian mimicry, in which one harmless species adopts the appearance of another, harmful species to gain the advantage of predators' avoidance. However, because comimics may have differing degrees of protection, the distinction between Müllerian and Batesian mimicry is not absolute, and there can be said to be a spectrum between the two forms. Additionally, a species may be a Batesian mimic to one predator and a Müllerian mimic to another. Viceroy butterflies and monarchs (admiral butterflies) have often been called Batesian mimics; however, this is not the case as both are poisonous which makes them Müllerian mimics. Extensive mitochondrial DNA analysis of admiral butterflies has led to the discovery that the viceroy is the basal lineage of two western sister species in North America. The variation in the wing patterns are thought to precede the evolution of toxicity therefore challenging the hypothesis that the toxicity of the admiral butterflies is a conserved characteristic from a common ancestor. This explanation suggests that because some of the species of admiral butterflies that evolved after the node split from the viceroy lineage are not poisonous but look similar to their ancestor, the propensity for chemical defense is an analogous adaptation (an example of convergent evolution) that evolved separately after the species developed different phenotypic wing patterns. While Batesian and Müllerian mimicry are commonly given examples of mimicry, there is often little or no mention of other forms. There are many other types of mimicry however, some very similar in principle, others far separated. For example in aggressive mimicry a predator might mimic the food of its prey, luring them towards it and improving its foraging success.Müllerian mimicry need not involve visual mimicry; it may employ any of the senses. For example, many snakes share the same auditory warning signals, forming an auditory Müllerian mimicry ring. More than one common signal may show convergences by the parties. While model and mimic are often closely related species, Müllerian mimicry between very distantly related taxa also occurs. And according to recent research, there may be more than just taste and population size that affect Müllerian mimetic relationships. For example: co-mimicry, a mutualistic relationship that occurs when the mimicking population is polymorphic and resembles more than one model. This keeps the ratio of mimic to model individuals for any particular coloration low, increasing overall fitness for both parties. The negative correlation between the amount of mimics and the “survivability” of both species involved. This suggests that it is reproductively beneficial for both species if the number of models outnumber the mimics; this increases the negative interactions between predator and prey.Some insight into the evolution of mimetic color mimicry in Lepidoptera in particular can be seen through the study of the Optix gene. The Optix gene is responsible for the Heliconius butterflies signature red wing patterns that help it signal to predators that it is toxic. By sharing this coloration with other poisonous red winged butterflies the predator may have pursued previously the Heliconius butterfly increases its chance of survival through association. By mapping the genome of many related species of Heliconius butterflies “show[s] that the cis-regulatory evolution of a single transcription factor can repeatedly drive the convergent evolution of complex color patterns in distantly related species…”. This suggests that the evolution of a non-coding piece of DNA that regulates the transcription of nearby genes can be the reason behind similar phenotypic coloration between distant species, making it hard to determine if the trait is homologous, meaning that it evolved in both species because it existed in a previous ancestor, or that it is convergent in that both species came to a similar phenotypic expression through their own means and mutations.It is commonly believed that males would be more likely to co-mimic than females (generally being the choosier sex) but in the case of sexually dimorphic species, females are the ones that tend to be mimetic.".
- Müllerian_mimicry thumbnail Heliconius_mimicry.png?width=300.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageID "2355420".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageLength "17227".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageOutDegree "43".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageRevisionID "681014706".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Aggressive_mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Analogous.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Analogy.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Aposematism.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Batesian_mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Brazil.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Butterflies.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Butterfly.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Category:Antipredator_adaptations.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mutualism_(biology).
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Category:Warning_coloration.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Common_descent.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Convergent_evolution.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Crypsis.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Deception_in_animals.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Evolution.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Eyespot_(mimicry).
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Foraging.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Fritz_Müller.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Germany.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Graeme_Ruxton.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Hearing.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Hearing_(sense).
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Heliconius_charithonia.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Henry_Walter_Bates.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Homology_(biology).
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Instinct.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Johann_Friedrich_Theodor_Müller.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Learning.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Mutualism_(biology).
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Natural_history.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Phylogenetics_of_mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Pieris_brassicae.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Predation.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Predator.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Sense.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Species.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Viceroy_(butterfly).
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Visual_perception.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Wolfgang_Wickler.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink Zoology.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink File:BatesMimButter.JPG.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink File:Fritz-muller-1821-1897.jpg.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLink File:Heliconius_mimicry.png.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "Mullerian ring".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "Müllerian mimic".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "Müllerian mimicry complexes".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "Müllerian mimicry".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "Müllerian mimics".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "Müllerian".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "mimetic".
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageWikiLinkText "mimicry rings".
- Müllerian_mimicry hasPhotoCollection Müllerian_mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Müllerian_mimicry wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Wikisource.
- Müllerian_mimicry subject Category:Antipredator_adaptations.
- Müllerian_mimicry subject Category:Mimicry.
- Müllerian_mimicry subject Category:Mutualism_(biology).
- Müllerian_mimicry subject Category:Warning_coloration.
- Müllerian_mimicry comment "Müllerian mimicry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals. It is named after the German naturalist Fritz Müller, who first proposed the concept in 1878.The phenomenon can be understood by imagining two poisonous species that do not resemble one another and are also prey to a common predator.".
- Müllerian_mimicry label "Müllerian mimicry".
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs Mimetisme_de_Müller.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs Mimetismo_mülleriano.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs חיקוי_מילריאני.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs Kemimikan_Müller.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs m.03bx712.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs Bắt_chước_kiểu_Müller.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs Q1892944.
- Müllerian_mimicry sameAs Q1892944.
- Müllerian_mimicry wasDerivedFrom Müllerian_mimicry?oldid=681014706.
- Müllerian_mimicry depiction Heliconius_mimicry.png.
- Müllerian_mimicry isPrimaryTopicOf Müllerian_mimicry.