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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts abstract "Artificial radiation belts are radiation belts that have been created by high altitude nuclear explosions.The table above only lists those high-altitude nuclear explosions for which a reference exists in the open (unclassified) English-language scientific literature to persistent artificial radiation belts resulting from the explosion.The Starfish Prime radiation belt had, by far, the greatest intensity and duration of any of the artificial radiation belts.The Starfish Prime radiation belt damaged the United Kingdom Satellite Ariel 1 and the United States satellites, Traac, Transit 4B, Injun I and Telstar I. It also damaged the Soviet satellite Cosmos V. All of these satellites failed completely within several months of the Starfish detonation.Telstar I lasted the longest of the satellites damaged by the Starfish Prime radiation, with its complete failure occurring on February 21, 1963.In Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-6405, Herman Hoerlin gave the following explanation of the history of the original Argus experiment and of how the nuclear detonations lead to the development of artificial radiation belts."Before the discovery of the natural Van Allen belts in 1958, N. C. Christofilos had suggested in October 1957 that many observable geophysical effects could be produced by a nuclear explosion at high altitude in the upper atmosphere. This suggestion was reduced to practice with the sponsorship of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense and under the overall direction of Herbert York, who was then Chief Scientist of ARPA. It required only four months from the time it was decided to proceed with the tests until the first bomb was exploded. The code name of the project was Argus. Three events took place in the South Atlantic. ... Following these events, artificial belts of trapped radiation were observed."A general description of trapped radiation is as follows. Charged particles move in spirals around magnetic-field lines. The pitch angle (the angle between the direction of the motion of the particle and direction of the field line) has a low value at the equator and increases while the particle moves down a field line in the direction where the magnetic field strength increases. When the pitch angle becomes 90 degrees, the particle must move in the other direction, up the field lines, until the process repeats itself at the other end. The particle is continuously reflected at the two mirror points — it is trapped in the field. Because of asymmetries in the field, the particles also drift around the earth, electrons towards the east. Thus, they form a shell around the earth similar in shape to the surface formed by a field line rotated around the magnetic dipole axis."In 2010, the United States Defense Threat Reduction Agency issued a report that had been written in support of the United States Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack. The report, entitled "Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack," discusses in great detail the historical events that caused artificial radiation belts and their effects on many satellites that were then in orbit. The same report also projects the effects of one or more present-day high altitude nuclear explosions upon the formation of artificial radiation belts and the probable resulting effects on satellites that are currently in orbit.".
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink DARPA.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Dipole.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink High-altitude_nuclear_explosion.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink High_altitude_nuclear_explosion.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Injun_(satellite).
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Johnston_Atoll.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Kazakhstan.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Kiloton.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Kosmos_5.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Lists_of_environmental_topics.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Magnetic_mirror.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Nicholas_Christofilos.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_weapon_yield.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Operation_Argus.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Operation_Fishbowl.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Pacific.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink South_Atlantic.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Soviet_Project_K_nuclear_tests.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Soviet_Union.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Starfish_Prime.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink TNT_equivalent.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Telstar.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Transit_(satellite).
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Transit_Research_and_Attitude_Control.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink USSR.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink United_States.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLink Van_Allen_radiation_belt.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLinkText "List of artificial radiation belts".
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLinkText "artificial radiation belt".
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLinkText "artificial radiation belts".
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageWikiLinkText "radiation belt".
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:USGovernment.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts subject Category:Earth.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts subject Category:Exoatmospheric_nuclear_weapons_testing.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts subject Category:Nuclear_technology-related_lists.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts hypernym Belts.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts type List.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts type Publication.
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- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts comment "Artificial radiation belts are radiation belts that have been created by high altitude nuclear explosions.The table above only lists those high-altitude nuclear explosions for which a reference exists in the open (unclassified) English-language scientific literature to persistent artificial radiation belts resulting from the explosion.The Starfish Prime radiation belt had, by far, the greatest intensity and duration of any of the artificial radiation belts.The Starfish Prime radiation belt damaged the United Kingdom Satellite Ariel 1 and the United States satellites, Traac, Transit 4B, Injun I and Telstar I. ".
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts label "List of artificial radiation belts".
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts sameAs Q6606173.
- List_of_artificial_radiation_belts sameAs Q6606173.
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