Matches in DBpedia 2015-10 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Letter_frequency> ?p ?o }
- Letter_frequency abstract "The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Iraqi mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 CE), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go back at least to the Caesar cipher invented by Julius Caesar, so this method could have been explored in classical times). Letter frequency analysis gained additional importance with the development of movable type in Asia in 1040 CE and in Europe in 1450 CE, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform, as evidenced by the variations in letter compartment size in typographer's type cases.Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it's particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllablic, or ideographic. For example, the Japanese Hiragana syllabary contains 46 distinct characters, which is more than most phonetic alphabets, e.g. the Hawaiian language which has a mere 13 letters, or English which has 26.No exact letter frequency distribution underlies a given language, since all writers write slightly differently. However, most languages have a characteristic distribution which is strongly apparent in longer texts. Even language change as extreme as from old English to modern English (regarded as mutually unintelligible) show strong trends in related letter frequencies: over a small sample of Biblical passages, from most frequent to least frequent, enaid sorhm tgþlwu (æ)cfy ðbpxz of old English compares to eotha sinrd luymw fgcbp kvjqxz of modern English, with the most extreme differences concerning letterforms not shared.Linotype machines (which seem to have been primarily or exclusively marketed for English-language typesetting) assumed the letter order, from most to least common, to be etaoin shrdlu cmfwyp vbgkjq xz based on the experience and custom of manual compositors.Likewise, Modern International Morse code (generally believed to have been developed by Alfred Vail based on English-language letter frequencies of the 1830s) encodes the most frequent letters with the shortest symbols; arranging the Morse alphabet into groups of letters that require equal amounts of time to transmit, and then sorting these groups in increasing order, yields e it san hurdm wgvlfbk opjxcz yq. Similar ideas are used in modern data-compression techniques such as Huffman coding.Letter frequency was also used by other telegraph systems, such as the Murray Code.".
- Letter_frequency thumbnail CaliforniaJobCaseLayout.png?width=300.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageExternalLink mayzner.html.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageExternalLink LintonT.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageExternalLink etaoin.html.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageExternalLink letter.html.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageExternalLink heatmap-keyboard.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageID "6767165".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageLength "29142".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageOutDegree "74".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageRevisionID "676686722".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Al-Kindi.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Alfred_Vail.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Arabic_Letter_Frequency.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Arabic_letter_frequency.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Baudot_code.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Benfords_law.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Bigram.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Blickensderfer_typewriter.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Caesar_cipher.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Category:Cryptography.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Category:Linguistics.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Category:Linguistics_terminology.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Category:Quantitative_linguistics.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Corpus_linguistics.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Cryptanalysis.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Cryptogram.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Cryptograms.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Czech_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Danish_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Data_compression.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Dotted_and_dotless_I.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Dutch_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink ETAOIN_SHRDLU.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Edgar_Allan_Poe.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Encyclopedia.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink English_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Ernest_Hemingway.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Esperanto.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Esperanto_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Etaoin_shrdlu.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Filing_cabinet.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Finnish_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink French_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Frequency_analysis.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Frequency_analysis_(cryptanalysis).
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink German_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Hangman_(game).
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Hawaiian_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Herbert_Zim.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Hiragana.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Home_row.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Huffman_coding.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Icelandic_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Italian_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Julius_Caesar.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Keyboard_layout.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Language_identification.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Linotype_machine.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Morse_code.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Most_common_words_in_English.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Movable_type.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Murray_Code.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Pavel_Mička.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Poe.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Polish_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Portuguese_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Project_Gutenberg.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Scrabble.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Spanish_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Swedish_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink The_Gold-Bug.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Touch_typing.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Trigram.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Turkish_language.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink VIC_cipher.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show).
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink William_Faulkner.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink William_Kidd.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Word_frequencies.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Word_lists_by_frequency.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Yule_distribution.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Yule–Simon_distribution.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Zipf_distribution.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink Zipfs_law.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink File:CaliforniaJobCaseLayout.png.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink File:English_letter_frequency_(alphabetic).svg.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLink File:English_letter_frequency_(frequency).svg.
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "5 most frequently used letters".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "Least used letters in the English language".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "Letter frequency".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "Letter_frequency#Relative_frequencies_of_letters_in_the_English_language".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "byte frequency".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "common letter".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "distribution".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "frequency".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "frequently used letters".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "frequently-used letters in English".
- Letter_frequency wikiPageWikiLinkText "least used in the English language".