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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century abstract "Latin translations of the 12th century were spurred by a major search by European scholars for new learning unavailable in Christian Europe at the time; their search led them to areas of southern Europe, particularly in central Spain and Sicily, which recently had come under Christian rule following their reconquest in the late 11th century. These areas had been under a Muslim rule for considerable time, and still had substantial Arabic-speaking populations to support their search. The combination of Muslim accumulated knowledge, substantial numbers of Arabic-speaking scholars, and the new Christian rulers made these areas intellectually attractive, as well as culturally and politically accessible to Latin scholars. A typical story is that of Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114–87), who is said to have made his way to Toledo, well after its reconquest by Christians in 1085, because hearrived at a knowledge of each part of [philosophy] according to the study of the Latins, nevertheless, because of his love for the Almagest, which he did not find at all amongst the Latins, he made his way to Toledo, where seeing an abundance of books in Arabic on every subject, and pitying the poverty he had experienced among the Latins concerning these subjects, out of his desire to translate he thoroughly learnt the Arabic language....While Muslims were busy translating and adding their own ideas to Greek philosophies, the Latin West was still suspicious of pagan ideas. St. Jerome, for example, was hostile to Aristotle, and St. Augustine had little interest in exploring philosophy, only applying logic to theology. For centuries, Greek ideas in Europe were all but non-existent. Only a few monasteries had Greek works, and even fewer of them copied these works.There was a brief period of revival, when the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin and others reintroduced some Greek ideas during the Carolingian Renaissance. After Charlemagne's death, however, intellectual life again fell into decline. Excepting a few persons promoting Boethius, such as Gerbert of Aurillac, philosophical thought was developed little in Europe for about two centuries. By the 12th century, however, scholastic thought was beginning to develop, leading to the rise of universities throughout Europe. These universities gathered what little Greek thought had been preserved over the centuries, including Boethius' commentaries on Aristotle. They also served as places of discussion for new ideas coming from new translations from Arabic throughout Europe.By the 12th century, European fear of Islam as a military threat had lessened somewhat. Toledo, in Spain, had fallen from Arab hands in 1085, Sicily in 1091, and Jerusalem in 1099. These linguistic borderlands proved fertile ground for translators. These areas had been conquered by Arab, Greek and Latin-speaking peoples over the centuries and contained linguistic abilities from all these cultures. The small and unscholarly population of the Crusader Kingdoms contributed very little to the translation efforts, until the Fourth Crusade took most of the Byzantine Empire. Sicily, still largely Greek-speaking was more productive; it had seen rule under Byzantines, Arabs, and Italians, and many were fluent in Greek, Arabic, and Latin. Sicilians, however, were less influenced by Arabs and instead are noted more for their translations directly from Greek to Latin. Spain, on the other hand, was an ideal place for translation from Arabic to Latin because of a combination of rich Latin and Arab cultures living side by side.Unlike the interest in the literature and history of classical antiquity during the Renaissance, 12th century translators sought new scientific, philosophical and, to a lesser extent, religious texts. The latter concern was reflected in a renewed interest in translations of the Greek Church Fathers into Latin, a concern with translating Jewish teachings from Hebrew, an interest in the Qur'an and other Islamic religious texts. In addition, some Arabic literature was also translated into Latin.".
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageExternalLink guidetohistoryof00sart.pdf.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abbot_of_Cluny.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abenguefit.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abraham_ibn_Daud.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abu_Mashar.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abu_al-Salt.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abū_Ishāq_Ibrāhīm_al-Zarqālī.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abū_Kāmil_Shujā_ibn_Aslam.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Abū_Kāmil_Shujāʿ_ibn_Aslam.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Adelard_of_Bath.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Admiral_Eugene_of_Sicily.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Kathir_al-Farghani.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Kathīr_al-Farghānī.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Battani.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Bitruji.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Farabi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Khwarizmi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Kindi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Razi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Tasrif.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Zahrawi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Al-Zarkali.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Alfred_of_Sareshel.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Ali_ibn_Abbas_al-Majusi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Asturlabi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Ali_ibn_Ridwan.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Ali_ibn_al-Abbas_al-Majusi.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Almagest.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Anglo-Saxon.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Anglo-Saxons.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Aragon.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Archimedes.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Aristotle.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Arithmetic.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Augustine_of_Hippo.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Averroes.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Avicenna.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Banū_Mūsā.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Barcelona.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Berengarius_of_Valentia.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Book_of_Optics.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Brahmagupta.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Brahmasphutasiddhanta.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Catalan_language.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Catalonia.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Cluny_Abbey.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Constantine_the_African.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Crusader_Kingdoms.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink De_Gradibus.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink De_Proprietatibus_Elementorum.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Domingo_Gundisalvo.
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- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Early_Islamic_philosophy.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Emirate_of_Sicily.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Euclid.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Euclids_Elements.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Eugenius_of_Palermo.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Eutocius.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Eutocius_of_Ascalon.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Faraj_ben_Salem.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Faraj_ben_Salim.
- Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century wikiPageWikiLink Fibonacci.