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- Kola_Peninsula abstract "The Kola Peninsula (from Northern Sami: Guoládat; Russian: Ко́льский полуо́стров, Kolsky poluostrov) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely to the north of the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula, with a population of over 300,000 as of the 2010 Census.Despite the peninsula's northerly location, its proximity to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter, but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea. Summers are rather chilly, with the average July temperature of only 11 °C (52 °F). The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north, where permafrost limits the growth of the trees resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses. The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals, and its rivers are an important habitat for the Atlantic salmon. The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, established to protect the population of common eider, is located in the Kandalaksha Gulf.While the north of the peninsula was already settled in the 7th–5th millennium BCE, the rest of its territory remained uninhabited until the 3rd millennium BCE, when various peoples started to arrive from the south. However, by the 1st millennium CE only the Sami people remained. This changed in the 12th century, when Russian Pomors discovered the peninsula's game and fish riches. Soon after, the Pomors were followed by the tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic, and the peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands. No permanent human settlements, however, were established by the Novgorodians until the 15th century.The Novgorod Republic lost control of the peninsula to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1471, but the Russian migration did not stop. Several new settlements were established during the 16th century, and the Sami and Pomor people were forced into serfdom. In the second half of the 16th century, the peninsula became a subject of dispute between the Tsardom of Russia and the Kingdom of Denmark–Norway, which resulted in the strengthening of the Russian position. By the end of the 19th century, the indigenous Sami population had been mostly forced north by the Russians and the Komi and Nenets people who migrated here to escape a reindeer disease epidemics in their home lands. In 1916, Romanov-na-Murmane (now Murmansk) was founded and quickly became the largest city on the peninsula.The Soviet period saw a rapid increase of the population, although most of it remained confined to urbanized territories along the sea coast and the railroads. The Sami people were subject to forced collectivization, and overall the peninsula was heavily industrialized and militarized, largely due to its strategic position and the discovery of the vast apatite deposits in the 1920s. As a result, the ecology of the peninsula suffered major ecological damage, including contamination by military nuclear waste and nickel smelting.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the economy went into decline and the population quickly started to decrease. Between 1989 and 2002, Murmansk Oblast lost almost a quarter of its population; and almost 100,000 more between 2002 and 2010. Nevertheless, the economy rebounded somewhat in the first decade of the 2000s and the peninsula remains the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia.".
- Kola_Peninsula thumbnail Kola_peninsula.png?width=300.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageID "267512".
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageLength "45887".
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageOutDegree "316".
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageRevisionID "682137204".
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 1st_millennium.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 2nd_millennium_BC.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 2nd_millennium_BCE.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 3rd_millennium_BC.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 3rd_millennium_BCE.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 5th_millennium_BC.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 5th_millennium_BCE.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 7th_millennium_BC.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink 7th_millennium_BCE.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Administrative_center.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Administrative_centre.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Administrative_divisions_of_Murmansk_Oblast.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Afrikanda_(rural_locality).
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Alexandrovsky_Uyezd.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink American_mink.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Anticyclone.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Apatit.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Apatite.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Apatity.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Arctic_Circle.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Arctic_fox.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Arkhangelsk.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Atlantic_cod.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Atlantic_salmon.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Atlantic_white-sided_dolphin.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Aviation.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Baltic_Shield.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Barents_Sea.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Barter.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Shelon.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Bearded_seal.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Beaver.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Belarusians.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Beluga_whale.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Betula_nana.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Blue_whale.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Bowhead_whale.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Building_insulation.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Category:Landforms_of_Murmansk_Oblast.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Category:Peninsulas_of_Russia.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Ceramic_materials.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Cetacea.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Cetacean.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Chasnachorr.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Chernobyl_disaster.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Clan.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Cold_War.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Collective_farming.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Common_eider.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Copper.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Cyclone.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Dekulakization.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Denmark–Norway.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Diatomaceous_earth.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Drainage_divide.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Dvinsky_Uyezd.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Elder_(administrative_title).
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Electricity.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink European_perch.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Faroe_Islands.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Ferrous.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Fin_whale.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Finnmark.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Fir.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Fish.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Frederick_II_of_Denmark.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Game_(food).
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Game_(hunting).
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Gold.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Granite.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Gray_seal.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Greenland.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Grey_seal.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Gross_Regional_Product.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Gulf_Stream.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Harbour_porpoise.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Harp_seal.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Headland.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Humpback_whale.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Hydroelectricity.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink UPS.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Ice_age.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Iona_River.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Iron_ore.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Ivan_III_of_Russia.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Jakobselva_(Sør-Varanger).
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Joint-stock_company.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Joseph_Stalin.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Kama_River.
- Kola_Peninsula wikiPageWikiLink Kandalaksha.