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- John_Horse abstract "John Horse (c. 1812–1882), also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, John Cowaya (with spelling variations) and Gopher John, was of mixed ancestry (African and Seminole Indian) who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida. He rose to prominence in the third year of what was to become a seven-year war when the first generation of Black Seminole leaders was largely decimated and the primary Seminole war chief, Osceola (Asi Yahola), fell into the hands of the American military commander, General Thomas Sydney Jesup. John Horse had been fighting alongside Osceola and acting as his interpreter by this time. When they were seized while under a flag of truce during negotiations with Jesup's emissary, Florida militia general Joseph Hernandez, John Horse found himself imprisoned along with Osceola and other members of his band at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos), the old Spanish fort that formerly defended St. Augustine, the colonial capital of Spanish Florida.John Horse gained his initial fame for joining with a Mikasuki brave named Wildcat (Coacoochee), the son of the Mikasuki chief, King Phillip Emathla, in executing a daring escape from the fort which, until then, had been believed by American forces to be unbreachable. Wildcat and John Horse formed an alliance and went on to lead the remnants of the shattered Seminole bands, including members of the Mikasuki, Tallahassee, Appalachee and Yamassee bands (many of different ethnic backgrounds in what was by then a highly mixed grouping of Indians and Africans) to safety in the south-central part of Florida, ahead of Jesup's forces. In the Battle of Lake Okeechobee on Christmas Day in 1837, Halpatta Tustanagi (Chief Alligator), an ally of the captured Osceola, and the Seminole medicine man Abiaka (Sam Jones) led the escaping Seminole with Wildcat and John Horse playing leading roles in holding off the assault of Zachary Taylor, then in hot pursuit.They successfully effected the escape of most of the fleeing Seminole who had joined with them by crossing Lake Okeechobee to take refuge in the Everglades. They fought Jesup himself on the Loxahatchee River the following January of 1838, although the privations and losses they had suffered since their early victories in 1835 and 36 had taken their toll. Although General Jesup was wounded in the fight, the Seminole were forced to flee again. Offered a promise of peace and a new life west of the Mississippi with his family, John Horse finally agreed to surrender, although Wildcat refused to come in at that time and fought on until around 1840 when John Horse was brought back to Florida from his exile in Indian Territory. John brought the offer to Wildcat and the man who was by now the leading war chief of the remaining Seminole finally accepted removal to Indian Territory (in present day Oklahoma) which had been set aside for the eastern Indians in the early 1830s by Congress. Other bands still held out though and the war continued until August 14, 1842, when Colonel William J. Worth, finally declared "victory" and left the remaining fighters to their own devices deep in the Florida Everglades.John Horse, who was the son of a slave mother and an Indian father, was nominally a slave under both American and Seminole law until finally being freed by the American military for his service to the army in Florida after his return there at the military's request. He was later officially set free of any Seminole claims on his person by Chief Micanopy, titular head of all the Seminole bands, for his service to the Indians. When the Africans living among the Seminole continued to face threats of re-enslavement in their new home, despite Jesup's decree emancipating all surrendering escaped African slaves, thanks to the connivance of some American officials, John Horse would join with his old comrade, Wild Cat, to lead a group of disaffected Seminole and former slaves across the Rio Grande to northern Mexico where they were granted land by the Mexican government in 1850 and where the Seminole blacks could finally be assured of their freedom, Mexico having abolished legal slavery in the 1820s.Horse served as a captain in the Mexican army during this period and, after 1870, briefly with the US Army again as a scout. He disappeared several years later when, by now an old man, he made a trip to Mexico City to plead for reaffirmation of the land grant to his people which local Mexican landowners were seeking to overturn. It is generally thought that John Horse died in the course of this final errand to Mexico City.".
- John_Horse alias "Juan Caballo, Gopher John, John Cowaya, John Cavallo, and John Coheia".
- John_Horse birthDate "1812".
- John_Horse birthYear "1812".
- John_Horse deathDate "1882".
- John_Horse deathYear "1882".
- John_Horse thumbnail John_Horse,_Black_Seminole.jpg?width=300.
- John_Horse wikiPageExternalLink books?id=IS0IiZxeUwwC.
- John_Horse wikiPageExternalLink horse-john-1812-1882.
- John_Horse wikiPageExternalLink www.johnhorse.com.
- John_Horse wikiPageID "13548697".
- John_Horse wikiPageLength "60716".
- John_Horse wikiPageOutDegree "68".
- John_Horse wikiPageRevisionID "683399137".
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Abolitionism_in_the_United_States.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink American_Civil_War.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Andrew_Jackson.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Attorney-General.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Attorney_general.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Lake_Okeechobee.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Black_Seminole.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Black_Seminoles.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Brackettville,_Texas.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Castillo_de_San_Marcos.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:1812_births.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:1882_deaths.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:African-American_military_personnel.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:American_people_of_Spanish_descent.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:Black_Seminoles.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:Native_American_military_personnel.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:Native_Americans_of_the_Seminole_Wars.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:People_from_Florida.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:People_from_Kinney_County,_Texas.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Category:People_of_Spanish_Florida.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Coacoochee.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Creek_Indians.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Dembo_Factor.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Ee-mat-la.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Gibson.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Fort_Smith.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink George_M._Brooke.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Gopher_tortoise.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Indian_Removal.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Indian_Territory.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Indian_removal.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink James_K._Polk.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink John_Y._Mason.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Joseph_Hernandez.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Joseph_Marion_Hernández.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Little_River_(Canadian_River).
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Marcellus_Duval.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Mexican_Army.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Mexican_army.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Micanopy.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Micanopy,_Florida.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Mixed-race.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Multiracial.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Muscogee.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Muscogee_(Creek).
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink New_Orleans.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Oconee_Seminole.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Oklahoma.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Osceola.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Second_Seminole_War.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Seminole.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Spanish_American.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Spanish_Americans.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Spanish_Florida.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink St._Augustine,_Florida.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Suwanee_River.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Suwannee_River.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Tampa_Bay.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Thomas_Jesup.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Thomas_Sydney_Jesup.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Toney_Barnet.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink U._S._Army.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Army.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink War_of_1812.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Wewoka,_Oklahoma.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink Wild_Cat_(Seminole).
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink William_J._Worth.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink File:Fort_Brooke.jpg.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink File:John_Horse,_Black_Seminole.jpg.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLink File:Seminolevillage.jpg.
- John_Horse wikiPageWikiLinkText "John Horse".
- John_Horse alternativeNames "Juan Caballo, Gopher John, John Cowaya, John Cavallo, and John Coheia".
- John_Horse dateOfBirth "ca. 1812".
- John_Horse dateOfDeath "1882".
- John_Horse hasPhotoCollection John_Horse.
- John_Horse name "Horse, John".
- John_Horse placeOfBirth "Florida".
- John_Horse placeOfDeath "Mexico".
- John_Horse shortDescription "Black Seminole war leader and negotiator".
- John_Horse wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cite_book.
- John_Horse wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Persondata.
- John_Horse wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- John_Horse description "Black Seminole war leader and negotiator".
- John_Horse description "Black Seminole war leader and negotiator".
- John_Horse subject Category:1812_births.
- John_Horse subject Category:1882_deaths.