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- Iodine-131 abstract "Iodine-131 (131I), also loosely and nonspecifically called radioiodine, is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California, Berkeley. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days. It is associated with nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas production. It also plays a major role as a radioactive isotope present in nuclear fission products, and was a significant contributor to the health hazards from open-air atomic bomb testing in the 1950s, and from the Chernobyl disaster, as well as being a large fraction of the contamination hazard in the first weeks in the Fukushima nuclear crisis. This is because I-131 is a major uranium, plutonium fission product, comprising nearly 3% of the total products of fission (by weight). See fission product yield for a comparison with other radioactive fission products. I-131 is also a major fission product of uranium-233, produced from thorium.Due to its mode of beta decay, iodine-131 is notable for causing mutation and death in cells that it penetrates, and other cells up to several millimeters away. For this reason, high doses of the isotope are sometimes less dangerous than low doses, since they tend to kill thyroid tissues that would otherwise become cancerous as a result of the radiation. For example, children treated with moderate dose of I-131 for thyroid adenomas had a detectable increase in thyroid cancer, but children treated with a much higher dose did not. Likewise, most studies of very-high-dose I-131 for treatment of Graves disease have failed to find any increase in thyroid cancer, even though there is linear increase in thyroid cancer risk with I-131 absorption at moderate doses. Thus, iodine-131 is increasingly less employed in small doses in medical use (especially in children), but increasingly is used only in large and maximal treatment doses, as a way of killing targeted tissues. This is known as "therapeutic use."Iodine-131 can be "seen" by nuclear medicine imaging techniques (i.e., gamma cameras) whenever it is given for therapeutic use, since about 10% of its energy and radiation dose is via gamma radiation. However, since the other 90% of radiation (beta radiation) causes tissue damage without contributing to any ability to see or "image" the isotope, other less-damaging radioisotopes of iodine such as iodine-123 (see isotopes of iodine) are preferred in situations when only nuclear imaging is required. The isotope I-131 is still occasionally used for purely diagnostic (i.e., imaging) work, due to its low expense compared to other iodine radioisotopes. Very small medical imaging doses of I-131 have not shown any increase in thyroid cancer. The low-cost availability of I-131, in turn, is due to the relative ease of creating I-131 by neutron bombardment of natural tellurium in a nuclear reactor, then separating I-131 out by various simple methods (i.e., heating to drive off the volatile iodine). By contrast, other iodine radioisotopes are usually created by far more expensive techniques, starting with reactor radiation of expensive capsules of pressurized xenon gas.Iodine-131 is also one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting radioactive industrial tracer. Radioactive tracer isotopes are injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing.Much smaller incidental doses of iodine-131 than those used in medical therapeutic procedures, are thought to be the major cause of increased thyroid cancers after accidental nuclear contamination. These cancers happen from residual tissue radiation damage caused by the I-131, and usually appear years after exposure, long after the I-131 has decayed.".
- Iodine-131 thumbnail Iodine-131-decay-scheme-simplified.svg?width=300.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageExternalLink event_display.cfm?em_id=4407767.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageExternalLink r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+iodine,+radioactive.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageExternalLink iodine.pdf.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageExternalLink info.cfm?pg=radioiodine.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageExternalLink Iodine_Prophylaxis_guide.pdf.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageID "1884846".
- Iodine-131 wikiPageLength "42835".
- Iodine-131 wikiPageOutDegree "126".
- Iodine-131 wikiPageRevisionID "683488863".
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Acute_radiation_syndrome.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Aerospace_industry.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Aerospace_manufacturer.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Antineutrino.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Beta_decay.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Beta_emission.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Bioaccumulation.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Biological_half-life.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Biological_half_life.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Biosolids.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Brachytherapy.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Carcinogen.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Carcinogenic.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Antithyroid_drugs.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Fission_products.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Isotopes_of_iodine.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Radioactive_contamination.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Chernobyl_disaster.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Child.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Children.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Eluted.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Elution.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Fallout.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Fission_product.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Fission_product_yield.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Gamma_camera.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Gamma_ray.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Glenn_Seaborg.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Glenn_T._Seaborg.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Goitrogen.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Graves_disease.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Half-life.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Hydraulic_fracturing.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Hyperthyroidism.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Hypothyroidism.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iobenguane.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodate.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodide.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodine.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodine-123.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodine-125.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodine-127.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodine-129.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Iodine_in_biology.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Irradiation.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Isotope.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Isotope_hydrology.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_iodine.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_tellurium.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_xenon.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Jod-Basedow_phenomena.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Jod-Basedow_phenomenon.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Medicinal_radiocompounds.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Metaiodobenzylguanidine.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Microgram.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Munich.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Mutation.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink National_Cancer_Institute.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Neuroblastoma.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Neutrino.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Neutron.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nevada_Test_Site.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_accident.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_fallout.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_fission.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_fission_product.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_medicine.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_weapons_testing.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_weapons_tests.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Nuclide.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Parts-per_notation.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Parts_per_million.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Perchlorate.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Pheochromocytoma.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Plutonium.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Portable_water_purification.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Potassium_iodate.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Potassium_iodide.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Preventive_healthcare.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Prophylaxis.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Radiation-induced_cancer.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Radiation_poisoning.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Radiation_therapy.
- Iodine-131 wikiPageWikiLink Radioactive.